陶瓷基透明防弹装甲研究进展  

Progress in transparent bulletproof armor based on ceramics

作　　者：刘家希 石晓东 姜良宝 李晓宇 王敏博 颜悦 LIU Jia-xi;SHI Xiao-dong;JIANG Liang-bao;LI Xiao-yu;WANG Min-bo;YAN Yue(AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China;Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Structural Transparencies for the Modern Traffic System,Beijing 100095,China;New Era Engineering Consulting Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国航发北京航空材料研究院,北京100095 [2]北京市先进运载系统结构透明件工程技术研究中心,北京100095 [3]新时代工程咨询有限公司,北京100088

出　　处：《材料工程》2021年第11期30-40,共11页Journal of Materials Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51402273)。

摘　　要：随着军用载具所受威胁的不断升级,对于驾驶舱的防护要求也在增加。传统以防弹玻璃为主的透明装甲已难以满足使用要求。更轻更薄的陶瓷基透明装甲正在逐渐成为主流选择。与其他防弹装甲相似,透明防弹装甲的主要研究方向包括:寻找性能更优的材料用于装甲组件;通过实验或计算机模拟对结构设计与弹道实验进行指导;更加深入地了解装甲材料所需的主要性能、系统整体性能以及整个系统各组件之间的相互影响。依据这一思路,本文首先简要综述了陶瓷透明防弹装甲研究较多的三种迎弹面陶瓷材料的优缺点、制备工艺以及各自的发展及应用水平,三种陶瓷中蓝宝石的静力学参数最优,而实际防弹效果则以多晶陶瓷更好,导致这一现象的原因主要是两类陶瓷碎裂模式的不同产生的弹丸-陶瓷相互作用效果的差异;然后对多晶陶瓷、单晶、玻璃三种类型材料高应变率下的裂纹扩展特性和防弹性能进行了讨论,高应变速率下材料裂纹扩展特性对冲击能量/速率是敏感的,多晶陶瓷是沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂的复合扩展方式,蓝宝石高能冲击下裂纹扩展特征类似多晶陶瓷,临界能量以下则以沿特定晶面的解理断裂为主;最后对透明防弹装甲各功能层的选材标准和结构设计原则进行了总结与展望,迎弹面优选高杨氏模量、高硬度的细晶粒多晶陶瓷材料,中间层选用具有良好的断裂韧度、高弯曲刚度以及将破碎控制在较小范围的能力的材料,背弹面要求材料具有一定的延展性和低密度的特点。各层之间需相互配合才能实现透明陶瓷装甲防弹效能的最大化。Requirements for the cockpit of military vehicles are constantly increasing as a result of escalating threats. The traditional transparent bulletproof armor based on glass have been unsatisfactory to relevant application requirements, and lighter and thinner transparent armor based on ceramics is becoming main option. Similar to other bulletproof armor, the main research fields of transparent bulletproof armor include: seek materials with higher performance for armor components;guide the structure design and ballistic test by experiment or computer simulation;understand the main performance of armor materials, the holistic performance of the armor system and the interaction between the components of the whole system more deeply. Based on this notion, the advantages and disadvantages, preparation technology, development, and application situation of the three kinds of ceramic materials commonly used in transparent armor were summarized. Among the three kinds of ceramics, sapphire has the best static parameters. As for the actual effect of bulletproof, the polycrystalline ceramics are better. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the different fragmentation modes of the two kinds of ceramics lead to the difference of projectile-target interaction effect. After that, the crack growth under high strain rate and bullet-proof property of single crystal, polycrystalline ceramics and glass were discussed. Under uniaxial, high strain rate compression, the crack propagation characteristics of materials are sensitive to impact energy/velocity. Polycrystalline ceramics has a composite failure mode of intergranular fracture and intragranular fracture. Under high energy impact, the damage zone of sapphire is similar to polycrystalline ceramics. Lower than critical energy, some sapphire plate orientations damage would be dominated. Finally, the material selection standards and structural design principles of each functional layer were summarized and prospected. Fine grain polycrystalline ceramic materials with high Young�

关 键 词：透明防弹装甲 冲击实验 蓝宝石 镁铝尖晶石 氮氧化铝 

分 类 号：TJ04[兵器科学与技术—兵器发射理论与技术]