从掠夺性开发到保护性利用:对美国区域规划文件《大平原的未来》的重新审视  

From Exploitative Development to Conservation Agriculture:Reconsidering U.S.Regional Planning Report The Future of the Great Plains

作　　者：高国荣[1] GAO Guo-rong(Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《史学集刊》2021年第6期94-107,141,共15页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“环境史及其对史学的创新研究”(16ZDA122);国家社会科学基金一般项目“1930年代美国大平原土地沙化及其治理研究”(14BSS037);国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院委托项目“世界资本主义史研究”(20@WTZ008)。

摘　　要：《大平原的未来》是1930年代中期美国政府出台的区域发展规划之一,是在大平原深陷困境、“新政”改革浪潮激荡之际,在罗斯福总统和有关部门的大力推动下出台的。该规划将1930年代大平原的危机视为一场与自然因素有关、主要由不当生产方式和错误文化观念所导致的人为灾难,倡导通过国家干预化解危机,将生态治理作为恢复重建的根本手段,并从技术、政策和观念等多个方面向各级政府和农业从业人员提出了诸多建议。尽管该规划只是局部地得到贯彻落实,各方面的进展也不尽相同,但它却体现了美国农地利用政策在1930年代前后从掠夺性开发到保护性利用的转折性变化。As a long-term program for the Plains,The Future of the Great Plains emerged in the middle 1930s at the culmination of unprecedented drought and great economic depression when the ambitious Franklin Roosevelt administration endeavoured to correct the misuse of the land and to bring order to the Great Plains.The report included very critical analysis of plains agriculture,and declared the present crisis of the Plains was a result not of the permanent climate change but of destructive attitudes of mind.The report presented a conservation-oriented program for adjustment and development,and offered a great number of recommendations to the governments and farm organizations on the needed actions,including conservation techniques,public planning and management of land use,conservation education,etc.Despite the partial and ill-balanced implement of the soil conservation program,The Future of the Great Plains signaled the transition of American land use policy from exploitative land use to conservation agriculture.

关 键 词：《大平原的未来》 水土侵蚀 土地政策 土地公有化 

分 类 号：K712.5[历史地理—历史学] D771.2[历史地理—世界史]