论瑞士雇佣兵的兴起与没落  

On the Rise and Fall of Swiss Mercenaries

作　　者：许二斌[1] XU Er-bin(Department of History,Xiamen University,Xiamen,Fujian,361005,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学历史系,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《史学集刊》2021年第6期120-128,共9页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：厦门大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2072021011)资金资助。

摘　　要：瑞士在14世纪和15世纪争取独立的过程中发展出一种极具战斗力的步兵,在获得一系列令人震惊的胜利后,瑞士军人开始被视为欧洲最优秀的士兵。在具备强大的军事实力后,瑞士没有通过扩张领土成为一个欧洲大国,而是走上输出雇佣兵的道路,其原因在于瑞士联邦内部的政治结构妨碍了它的领土扩张,瑞士的军事体制又导致它没有产生伟大的军事统帅,而且地缘政治环境的变化加大了扩张领土的难度。贫困落后的经济状况和人口过剩也是促使瑞士走上输出雇佣兵之路的重要理由。作战方式的变化、国民义务兵的出现、瑞士工商业的发展及舆论氛围的变化等多重原因导致瑞士雇佣兵在19世纪走向没落。Switzerland developed a type of formidable infantry during the course of struggle for independence in the 14th and 15th century.After a series of shocking victories,the Swiss began to be regarded as the best soldiers in Europe.However,Switzerland did not expand into a European power with its unrivaled military force.Instead,it became a famous supplier of mercenaries.The internal political structure of the Swiss Confederation hindered its territorial expansion,and there is no great military commander in Switzerland because of its military system.In addition,the geopolitical environment made it more difficult to expand its territory.Furthermore,poor and backward economic conditions and overpopulation are also important reasons for Switzerland to become a leading supplier of mercenaries.The change of combat methods,the emergence of mass conscription,the development of Swiss domestic economy,and the change of public opinion led to the fading of Swiss mercenaries in the 19th century.

关 键 词：瑞士 雇佣兵 勃艮第战争 意大利战争 

分 类 号：K522.31[历史地理—历史学] E522[历史地理—世界史]