祀典仪式视野下的明清省制演进  

The Evolution of the Provincial Institution in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from Ritual Perspective

作　　者：刘永华 Liu Yonghua

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《历史研究》2021年第4期42-65,M0004,M0005,共26页Historical Research

摘　　要：明清省制经历了从明初废行省、设三司,到后来设置巡抚、总督,以及督抚地方行政化的演进过程。因之,从明中叶开始,督抚由不参与地方政府祭祀,转变为参与祈雨、祈晴等祈禳活动,进而逐渐参与并主导地方常祀。乾隆十六年正式确立了督抚的仪式地位,此后,督抚通过编纂行省祀典、主导春秋常祀与朔望行香,在仪式上进一步确定其与布政使、按察使等地方大吏的统属关系。在祭祀层级方面,明末以降先后出现都城隍、省城隍等名号及与布政司、按察司相对应的神庙,乾隆时期某些省份甚至出现系统创制省级神祇名号的举措,不过,这些实践并未被升格为礼制。这表明,从行政维度来看,行省的创设已有数百年之久,但迟至20世纪初,行省在礼仪维度的地位仍非无可争议。The provincial institution of the Ming and Qing dynasties underwent an evolutionary process from the abolition of the branch secretariat and the establishment of the three provincial offices at the beginning of the Ming, to the subsequent establishment of xunfu(grand coordinator in the Ming and governor in the Qing) and zongdu(supreme commander in the Ming and governor-general in the Qing, often called dufu together with xunfu) as well as the transformation of dufu from envoys of the court to local officials since the mid-Ming. As a result, from the mid-Ming onwards, dufu changed from being not entitled to participate local sacrifices, to participating occasional rituals such as rain making or sunny day praying, and then gradually becoming engaged in and even hosting regular local sacrifices. The ritual status of dufu was officially set up in 1751. Since then, dufu further established their dominance upon local high-ranking officials such as provincial administration commissioners or surveillance commissioners at rituals by compiling books of provincial sacrifices and hosting local regular spring and autumn rituals, and leading the incense offering at the first and fifteenth days of the lunar months. When dufu were gradually engaged in local sacrifices, changes also took place at to objects of the provincial sacrifices. Titles of capital and provincial city gods were invented, and temples corresponding to provincial administration commission and surveillance commission were also erected since the late Ming. During early Qianlong reign, there were even initiatives in some provinces to systematically create titles for provincial deities, although such practices were not codified by the court. This shows that, seen from the administrative dimension, the provincial institution had been adopted for centuries, but their status in the ritual dimension was still not indisputable and had yet to be established.

关 键 词：明清 行省 督抚 祀典 仪式 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K248[政治法律—中外政治制度]