扩张还是自守——儒家战略审慎主义及其对立面  

Expansion or Self-Defense:The Confucian Strategic Prudentialism and Its Opposite

作　　者：杜哲元 Du Zheyuan(School of Political Science and Public Administration,China University of Political Science and Law)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学政治与公共管理学院,北京102249

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2021年第9期31-58,156,共29页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(项目批准号:21YJCGJW003)的阶段性成果;中国政法大学青年教师创新团队“大变局时代的中国对外关系研究”课题(项目批准号:20CXTD05)的资助。

摘　　要：在是否向外采取扩张性政策的问题上,古代"中原王朝"的决策层有时会存在分歧与论战。从战略文化角度来看,反对扩张性政策的一方坚持儒家战略审慎主义,它由基本理念和现实政策逻辑两部分构成;支持扩张性政策的一方则属于儒家战略审慎主义的对立面,它主要由体系结构压力催生出来的三种战略逻辑构成,即地缘安全关联主义、大国威望主义与战略机会主义。尽管在西汉、唐朝和清朝经略西域的案例中,儒家战略审慎主义的对立面在12场论战中胜出的次数更多,但儒家战略审慎主义才是古代"中原王朝"的主导性和常态性战略文化,其对立面只是次要性和应激性战略文化。二者之间的分歧针对的是具体问题,并非观念上的系统性对立。儒家战略审慎主义的对立面虽然支持扩张性政策,但这种支持是有条件和有节制的,在性质上仍属于防御性,这与近代西方列强的扩张主义有根本不同。儒家战略审慎主义有审慎性、民本性、道德性和理想性四个积极特性,也存在主观性和狭隘性等消极问题。On the issue of whether to implement expansionist policy, there were often differences and arguments among the decision-makers of the ancient China.s "Central Plains Dynasty". One group opposed expansion and the other supported it. From the perspective of strategic culture, the one who opposed it is the Confucian strategic prudentialism, which consists of basic notion and realistic policy logic, while the opposite of the Confucian strategic prudentialism is mainly composed of three strategic logics under the structural pressure, namely geo-security doctrine, prestige policy and strategic opportunism. In the study of the controlling and governing of the Western Regions by the Western Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty respectively,the opposite of the Confucian strategic prudentialism won more in the twelve policy debates, but this does not mean that it was the dominant strategic culture of the ancient China.s "Central Plains Dynasty". In fact, the Confucian strategic prudentialism obviously has more believers and a deeper foundation. Its opposite is only its attachment,and the differences between them are targeting specific issues, not a systematic opposition in ideas. Although its opposite supported the expansionist policy, this support was conditional and temperate and remained defensive in nature, which is fundamentally different from the modern Western expansionism. The Confucian strategic prudentialism has four positive characteristics, that is, prudence, humanity, morality and ideality,but it also has two negative aspects, that is, subjectivity and narrowness while its opposite corrects the two negative aspects much more.

关 键 词：儒家战略审慎主义 政策论战 扩张问题 战略文化 经略西域 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]