个人信息泄露侵权责任构成中的“损害”——兼论风险社会中损害的观念化  

“Damage”in the Tort Liability for Personal Information Leakage——Also on the Conceptualization of Damage in a Risk Society

作　　者：谢鸿飞[1,2] Xie Hongfei(the Institute of Law of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所私法研究中心 [2]中国社会科学院大学

出　　处：《国家检察官学院学报》2021年第5期21-37,共17页Journal of National Prosecutors College

摘　　要：个人信息上承载了不同主体的各种法益,自然人的个人信息权益宜界定为利益,以限缩其对个人信息的支配和排他权能,调适法益冲突。个人信息侵权也应界定为违反保护性法规的侵权类型,以引入个人信息保护专门立法对个人信息保护目的和保护范围的限制,实现诸法域体系的融贯性。私密信息泄露适用隐私权侵权规则,若发生下游损害的,泄露者按照一般侵权规则承担责任;敏感信息泄露时,未发生下游损害的,受害人也可请求赔偿因焦虑产生的精神损害和风险损害,即为预防损害支付的费用。在个人信息、环境生态等领域,有条件承认预期侵权制度,肯定未来被侵权的风险构成法律上的损害,并基于精算规则予以赔偿,能使侵权责任法动态适应现代风险社会和复杂社会的需求。Personal information carries various legal interests of different subjects.Personal information rights of natural persons should be defined as interests in order to limit the control and exclusive power over personal information,and to adjust to conflicts of legal interests.Personal information infringement should also be defined as a type of infringement that violates protective laws and regulations,so as to introduce special legislation for personal information protection to restrict the purpose and scope of personal information protection,and to achieve the coherence of various jurisdictions.Privacy infringement rules shall apply to the leakage of private information.If downstream damage occurs,the leaker shall be liable in accordance with the general tort rules;when sensitive information is leaked,if no downstream damage occurs,the victim can also request compensation for mental damage and risk damage caused by anxiety,which is the cost for preventing damage.In the fields of personal information,environmental ecology,etc.,anticipatory infringement system should be conditionally recognized,that the risk of future infringement constitutes legal damage should be affirmed,and compensation should be based on actuarial rules.Under this approach,tort law can dynamically adapt to the needs of modern risky and complex society.

关 键 词：个人信息泄露 侵权损害 损害的确定性 预期侵权 损害的观念化 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]