美国司法豁免认定权的配置及其启示  

The Allocation of U.S. Jurisdictional Immunity Determination Power and Its Implications

作　　者：张启扉 Zhang Qifei

机构地区：[1]厦门大学法学院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2021年第4期125-143,共19页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：2020年国家社科基金国家应急管理体系建设研究专项项目“疫情下国家紧急状态的国际法问题研究”(批准号:20VYJ049)的研究成果。

摘　　要：司法豁免认定权是在跨国诉讼中对外国被告是否享有司法豁免进行认定的权力。在美国,司法豁免认定权之配置一直徘徊于行政部门与法院之间,该权力的配置变化经历了法院相对独立认定、遵从行政部门豁免建议、法院主导行政部门辅助认定这几个重要阶段。导致司法豁免认定权产生配置问题的内因在于司法豁免认定权的混合权力属性以及该权力主体的复合性;外因在于被诉国政府的施压、美国行政部门的风险研判、法官自身的政治偏好以及美国法对司法豁免认定权配置的规制张力。对于美国司法豁免认定权配置的实践,中国可从中得到两方面启示:一方面,中国被告在美国被诉时除积极运用美国法进行管辖权抗辩外,应审慎对待行政部门的豁免建议;另一方面,未来中国的国家豁免立法应当构建司法豁免认定弹性机制,允许行政部门对外国司法豁免问题发表意见,合理配置中国的司法豁免认定权。Jurisdictional immunity determination power is the power to determine whether foreign defendants enjoy jurisdictional immunity in transnational litigation.In the U.S.,jurisdictional immunity determination power has been allocated between the executive branch and the court.It has experienced several important stages,including the relatively independent determination of the court,deference to the suggestions of the executive branch,and the courtleading-executive-assisting determination.The internal cause for the allocation problem is the mixed power nature of the power and the compound nature of the power body;the external causes are the pressure pushed by defendant state governments,the risk judgments of the U.S.executive branch,the political preferences of judges,and the regulatory tension of U.S.law regarding jurisdictional immunities.Regarding the practice in the allocation of jurisdictional immunity determination power in the U.S,China can learn from two aspects: on the one hand,Chinese defendants should actively use U.S.law to object the jurisdiction,as well as be cautious about the executive branches’ suggestions of immunity;on the other hand,in the future,China’s state immunity legislation should build a flexible mechanism for the determination of jurisdictional immunity,and rationally allocate China’s foreign state immunity determination power.

关 键 词：美国司法豁免认定权 国家豁免立法 《外国主权豁免法》 对外关系法 涉外法治 

分 类 号：DD916[政治法律—法学] D971.2