草地多功能提升的多样化家畜放牧理论及应用  

A scientific basis for promoting grassland ecosystem multifunctionality by diversifying grazing livestock:A review

作　　者：王岭[1] 张敏娜 徐曼[1] 王德利[1] Ling Wang;Minna Zhang;Man Xu;Deli Wang(Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station,Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education,Institute of Grassland Science,Northeast Normal University,Changchun 130024,China)

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学草地科学研究所,植被生态科学教育部重点实验室,吉林松嫩草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,长春130024

出　　处：《科学通报》2021年第30期3791-3798,共8页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31772652,31802113);高等学校学科创新引智计划和教育部创新团队计划(2013-373)资助。

摘　　要：草原是我国最大的陆地生态系统,草原生态保护对于我国生态环境建设及社会可持续发展至关重要.当前草地退化现象严重,全球气候变化压力增加,如何科学地管理草原、提升和维持草原正常的生产生态功能是亟待解决的重大科学问题.本文首先创新性地提出多样化家畜放牧的概念,以及草地多功能提升的多样化家畜放牧理论,即多样化家畜放牧能够直接或间接通过提高草地资源异质性、增加草地的随机性干扰过程以及物种扩散过程,维持和提高草地生物多样性和生态系统复杂性,进而促进草地生态系统多功能的发挥.其次,详细阐述了多样化家畜放牧维持和提高草地生物多样性及生态系统复杂性的生态学机理,以及多样化家畜放牧效应的野外试验验证.最后,对多样化家畜放牧的应用前景给予了分析讨论,并建议在适度强度下的多样化家畜放牧可以作为维持天然草原健康、实现草原可持续生态服务功能的重要管理工具.The grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in the world.How to manage and maintain grassland ecosystem functionality is becoming a critical issue as grasslands face serious degradation under the increasing pressures of global change.Livestock grazing is one such pressure,and it is the most widespread land use on Earth.Here,we explore theories and empirical evidence regarding how diversifying grazing livestock species and breeds could potentially improve grassland ecosystem multifunctionality.First,livestock grazing has been known to affect grassland multitrophic biodiversity,and thereby ecosystem multifunctionality.Different livestock species,such as cattle and sheep,vary in their foraging mode,diet,trampling effect and movement as well as in the quantity,distribution,and chemical composition of their excreta deposited in grasslands.As a result,diversity in livestock grazers leads to a variety of disturbances,higher landscape heterogeneity and more varied niches for plants,insects and soil organisms to inhabit.Therefore,diversity in grazers promotes higher overall ecosystem biodiversity.Second,livestock is an important dispersal agent for plants because they reduce intraspecific competition,minimize loss of genetic diversity and mitigate inbreeding.This leads to a more viable and diverse plant population.Third,diverse livestock species in natural grassland ecosystems may ecologically replace large-bodied and extinct native herbivores,and they certainly directly increase herbivore diversity,in grassland ecosystems.Finally,when a variety of livestock species or breeds grazes in the same grassland,it can lead to complex multi-species interactions.These interactions can be attributed to different nutritional demands and selections,and they thus greatly enhance trophic complexity and ecosystem functioning.At its core,the theory of diversifying livestock grazing aims to choose herbivores with different morphological,physiological or behavioral characteristics to thereby exert diverse disturbance on grasslands,r

关 键 词：放牧管理 生态系统多功能 家畜多样性 生态保护 草原 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]