陕西省小农户作物生产的减肥潜力及经济效益评价  

Fertilizer Reduction Potential and Economic Benefits of Crop Production for Smallholder Farmers in Shaanxi Province

作　　者：米晓田 石磊 何刚[1] 王朝辉[1] MI XiaoTian;SHI Lei;HE Gang;WANG ZhaoHui(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi;Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shaanxi Province/Cultivated Land Quality and Agricultural Environmental Protection Station in Shaanxi Province,Xi’an 710003)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]陕西省耕地质量与农业环境保护工作站,西安710003

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第20期4370-4384,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31902120);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200408);青海省重大科技专项(2019-NK-A11-02);西北农林科技大学科研启动项目(2452018110)。

摘　　要：【目的】小农户在农业生产中投入的生产资料普遍过高,随种植业结构演变,肥料投入也势必会发生变化。明确小农户经营模式下粮食、油料和经济作物的施肥现状和经济效益,能为小农户作物生产的养分管理、肥料减施和经济效益提高提供参考。【方法】2018年对陕西省的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以粮食(小麦、玉米、水稻、谷子、马铃薯)、油料(油菜、大豆)、经济(苹果、西红柿、烤烟)作物为研究对象,共获得1709份调研问卷。基于此调研结果,以产量水平为分类依据,分析小农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力和经济效益。【结果】小麦、玉米、水稻、谷子和马铃薯的平均产量分别为4.6、7.3、8.3、3.7和19.8 t·hm^(-2),氮肥用量分别为177、247、186、255和209 kg N·hm^(-2),磷肥用量分别为102、103、88、142和125 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),钾肥用量分别为37、47、64、53和110 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)。油菜和大豆的平均产量分别为2.4和2.7 t·hm^(-2),氮肥用量分别为156和99 kg N·hm^(-2),磷肥用量分别为80和63 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),钾肥用量分别为56和26 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)。苹果、西红柿和烤烟的平均产量分别为23.8、93.5和2.7 t·hm^(-2),氮肥用量分别为731、471和108 kg N·hm^(-2),磷肥用量分别为482、387和118 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),钾肥用量分别为535、447和132 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)。对大多数作物,氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥施用过量与不足并存。粮食作物氮磷钾减肥潜力分别为28%—60%、52%—66%和11%—51%。油料作物油菜可减少氮磷钾肥料用量33%、37%和46%,然而大豆需增加磷钾肥用量11%、28%。苹果和西红柿等高产经济作物的氮磷钾减肥潜力分别为41%—67%、65%—70%和49%—64%。烤烟生产需减少磷肥53%,然而中、高产农户氮肥施用不足,分别需增施22%、11%。复合肥和单质肥是作物氮素的主要来源,复合肥是作物磷钾的主要来源。氮�【Objective】The material input of agriculture production is generally high for smallholder farmers,and the application rate of chemical fertilizers will change with the evolution of crop structure.Understanding the situation of nutrient input and economic benefits of smallholder to cereal crop,oil crop and cash crop could help guide scientific fertilization and improve economic benefits.【Method】In 2018,a questionnaire survey was conducted on the production of major crops in Shaanxi Province.The cereal crop(wheat,maize,rice,millet,and potato),oil crop(canola and soybean),and cash crop(apple,tomato,and flue-cured tobacco)were considered as targeted crops,and a total of 1709 questionnaires were obtained.Further,the fertilization status of smallholder,the potential of fertilizer reduction,and economic benefits according to yield level of different crops were evaluated.【Result】For the production of wheat,maize,rice,millet,and potato,the mean yield was 4.6,7.3,8.3,3.7,and 19.8 t·hm^(-2),respectively;the mean nitrogen(N)fertilizer rate was 177,247,186,255,and 209 kg N·hm^(-2),respectively;the mean phosphate(P)fertilizer rate was 102,103,88,142,and 125 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2);mean potassium(K)fertilizer rate was 37,47,64,53,and 110 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),respectively.For canola and soybean production,the mean yield was 2.4 and 2.7 t·hm^(-2),N fertilizer rate was 156 and 99 kg N·hm^(-2),P fertilizer rate was 80 and 63 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),K fertilizer rate was 56 and 26 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),respectively.For the production of apple,tomato,and tobacco,the mean yield was 23.8,93.5,and 2.7 t·hm^(-2),respectively;N fertilizer rate was 731,471,and 118 kg N·hm^(-2),P fertilizer rate was 482,387,and 118 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),K fertilizer rate was 535,447,and 132 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),respectively.N and P fertilizers were usually over-applied,while both over-application and under-application of K fertilizer coexisted.The potential of N,P,K fertilizer reduction ranges from 28%to 60%,52%to 66%,and 11%to 51%for cereal crop,

关 键 词：农户行为 作物类型 养分管理 产量 经济效益 陕西省 

分 类 号：S143[农业科学—肥料学]