从国家礼品到民间用器——明清广锅的海外贸易  

From State’s Gifts to Civil Utilities——Guang Wok of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties in Overseas Trade

作　　者：罗一星 Luo Yixing

机构地区：[1]广州市东方实录研究院

出　　处：《海洋史研究》2021年第1期282-297,共16页Studies of Maritime History

摘　　要：明永乐年间郑和宝船将广锅带到海外,奠定了广锅在海外国家王室、首领心目中的明朝国家品牌地位。海外诸国对中国铁器的追求,强化了明代朝贡体系的核心聚合作用。清代康熙开海,广锅成为海外诸国商舶贸易的主要商品,出口贸易一度达到历史高峰。与此同时,广锅在海外的消费群体也从王室贵族扩大到民间百姓,由象征身份等级的王室奢侈品变为家居必备用品。五口通商后,广锅又随广府华侨群体出口美国旧金山和澳洲新金山,并在美国修铁路的华工群体中继续发挥作用。本文通过对明清两代重大历史节点与广锅出口之间关系的考察,重构广锅从国家礼品到民间用器的变迁过程,阐述广锅在海外诸国物质文明进程中产生的作用。The export of Guang Wok did not begin in the Ming Dynasty.The piles of rusty iron pots salvaged by Nanhai I Shiproreck confirmed that a large number of iron pots had been exported along the Pearl River waterway in the Southern Song Dynasty.Zheng He’s overseas trips helped made Guang Wok to become a state’s famous brand during the Ming Dynasty.The pursuit of Chinese iron by the leaders of the overseas kingdoms further strengthened the tributary system of the Ming Dynasty.After Emperor Kang Xi of the Qing Dynasty relaxed ban on overseas trade,Guang Wok became one of the major commodities in overseas trade,and Guang Wok were no longer used exclusively by the royal families,being used by ordinary Chinese people.After the Opium War and the openness of the five Treaty Ports,Guang Wok were exported to San Francisco of the U.S.and the New Gold Mountain of Australia when many Chinese laborers migrated to these countries,which were used extensively by them working on the railroads.This article examines the historical development of how Guang Wok changed from state’s gifts to civil utilities and studies the the historical role Guang Wok played in evolution of human civilization.

关 键 词：Guang Wok TRIBUTARY COLLECTION Overseas Trade 

分 类 号：F752.9[经济管理—国际贸易] F429[经济管理—产业经济] K248[历史地理—历史学]