芸薹属种间和属间杂种和异源多倍体的偏亲表型及遗传机制  

Phenotypic Bias and Genetic Mechanisms in Interspecific/Intergeneric Hybrids and Allopolyploids of Brassica

作　　者：邵玉娇[1] 曾攀 李再云[2] SHAO Yu-jiao;ZENG Pan;LI Zai-yun(College of Chemistry and Life Science,Hubei University of Education,Wuhan 430205;National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070)

机构地区：[1]湖北第二师范学院生命与化学学院,武汉430205 [2]作物遗传改良国家重点实验室/华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,武汉430070

出　　处：《植物遗传资源学报》2021年第6期1474-1482,共9页Journal of Plant Genetic Resources

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31771827)。

摘　　要：虽然种间杂种和异源多倍体的形态特征具有多重性,有中间型、亲本型和超亲型,但有时只表现其中一个亲本的一些形态、生理与分子等层次的性状或特性,即在性状控制方面的偏亲现象。鉴于芸薹属3个栽培异源四倍体种间的细胞遗传学相互关系、芸薹属栽培种与近缘种的大量远缘杂交,本文对芸薹属栽培多倍体及人工合成的芸薹属栽培种与其他近缘种的属间杂种及多倍体的形态表现特征及可能机理进行综述与讨论。3个芸薹属异源四倍体中除发生基因组B>A>C的rRNA基因表达的显性及等级外,形态特征的偏亲表现也较明显,甘蓝型油菜及埃塞俄比亚芥的表型偏向甘蓝、芥菜型油菜的表型偏向黑芥,故甘蓝的表型可整体上掩盖黑芥和白菜型油菜的形态特征,黑芥可掩盖白菜型油菜的表型,呈现C>B>A的等级关系。芸薹属栽培种与萝卜、诸葛菜、菘蓝等的属间杂种及异源多倍体的表型偏向萝卜及诸葛菜,其中基部叶片的缺刻特性最易表现出来。偏亲表型包括一个亲本的整体表型、多个性状直至单个性状,由一条或几条染色体所决定。偏亲表型的发生可能与供体基因组及基因本身的性质及结构、基因组间的互作有关,调控的分子机制有待研究。Though interspecific hybrids and allopolyploids show the intermediate to parental to transgressive morphological features,the biases to the morphological,physiological and molecular traits from one progenitor occur in some times,in spite of the inclusion of the genomes of the two or more progenitors in the same nucleus.In consideration of the cytogenetical interrelationships among the three cultivated Brassica allotetraploids,and the vast intergeneric hybridizations between the cultivated Brassica species and the other species out of Brassica made till now,the morphological characteristics performed by these natural and artificially produced hybrids and allopolyploids are reviewed and discussed for the possible mechanisms behind.Besides the occurrence of the expression dominance of the rRNA genes with the B>A>C hierarchy in three cultivated Brassica allotetraploids,the biases to the phenotype of one parental diploid are also obvious,as the morphology of Brassica napus L.and B.carinata is biased to that of B.oleracea L.,and B.juncea is biased to B.nigra(L.)Koch,so the morphology of B.oleracea L.can wholly mask that of B.nigra(L.)Koch and B.rapa L.,and that of B.nigra(L.)Koch largely mask B.rapa L.,with the C>B>A hierarchy.The phenotypic performance of the intergeneric hybrids and allopolyploids of Brassica L.species with several relatives including Raphanus sativus L.,Orychophragmus violaceus(L.)O.E.Schulz and Isatis indigotica Fortune,is biased to Raphanus sativus L.and Orychophragmus violaceus(L.)O.E.Schulz,particularly with their basal serrated leaves being persistently expressed.The biased phenotypes include the whole architecture,multiple traits,single trait,which are controlled by one or several chromosomes.The phenotypic bias is possibly related to the structure and nature of the parental genome and gene(s)involved and the interaction between divergent genomes,but the regulation mechanisms remain largely to be elucidated.

关 键 词：芸薹属 异源多倍体 表型 基因组 核仁显性 

分 类 号：Q943[生物学—植物学]