多倍化和驯化研究进展与展望  

Polyploidization and domestication

作　　者：杨学勇[1] 苏汉东 张梦卓 祝光涛 程时锋 韩方普[2] 黄三文 YANG XueYong;SU HanDong;ZHANG MengZhuo;ZHU GuangTao;CHENG ShiFeng;HAN FangPu;HUANG SanWen(Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture,Sino-Dutch Joint Lab of Horticultural Genomics,Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Beijing 100081,China;State Key L aboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenzhen 440307,China;School of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450001,China;The CAAS-YNNU Joint Academy of Potato Sciences,Yunnan Normal University,Kunming 650500,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京100081 [2]中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所,植物细胞与染色体工程国家重点实验室,种子创新研究院,北京100101 [3]中国农业科学院农业基因组研究所,深圳440307 [4]郑州大学农学院,郑州450001 [5]云南师范大学马铃薯科学研究院,昆明650500

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2021年第10期1457-1466,共10页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金委员会-中国科学院联合项目(批准号:L192400064,XK2019SMC008);国家自然科学基金重大项目(批准号:31991180);国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(批准号:31922076);中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(批准号:CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS);深圳市科技计划(批准号:KQTD20180411143628272);深圳市杰出人才培养经费资助。

摘　　要：作物驯化是将野生植物驯化繁殖为栽培作物,本质是通过人工选择有目的地保留基因组的遗传变异信息.驯化在人类农耕文明的起源和演变过程中发挥了重要作用,推动了人类文明的持续发展和社会的快速进步,其中多倍化是作物驯化和改良的重要方向.相较于二倍体祖先物种而言,多倍体作物往往具有明显的表型优势,生物量与经济产量会相对较高,具有更强的抗性和更广的环境适应性.小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、棉花(Gossypium spp.)、甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)等重要农作物经历了漫长的进化历程,是多倍化和驯化的综合产物.多倍体作物的进化、驯化历程以及重要农艺性状形成的分子机制一直是作物遗传育种领域关注的重大科学问题,对作物的分子设计育种和农业可持续发展具有重要意义.Crop domestication is the process to domesticate and propagate wild plants into cultivated crops, and its essence is to purposefully preserve the genetic variation information on the genome through artificial selection. Domestication has played an important role in the origin and evolution of human farming civilization, and promoted the sustainable development of human civilization and the rapid progress of society, in which polyploidization is an important direction of crop domestication and improvement. Compared with the diploid ancestor species, polyploid crops often have obvious phenotypic advantages, relatively high biomass and economic yield,stronger resistance, as well as wider environmental adaptability. Important crops such as wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), cotton(Gossypium spp.), rape(Brassica napus L.) and potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) have experienced a long evolutionary process, and are comprehensive products of polyploidization and domestication. The evolution and domestication of polyploid crops and the molecular mechanism of important agronomic traits have always been important scientific issues in the field of crop genetics and breeding, which is of great significance for the molecular design and breeding of crops and sustainable development of agriculture.

关 键 词：多倍化 驯化 育种 改良 人工选择 

分 类 号：S330[农业科学—作物遗传育种]