苹果幼树钙、镁失调诊断及其对生长发育的影响  

Diagnosis of Maladjustment of Calcium and Magnesium in Young Apple Trees and Its Effect on Growth and Development

作　　者：冯天宇 蒋皓 孔旭 赵志远[1] 马艳婷 翟丙年[1,2,3] FENG Tianyu;JIANG Hao;KONG Xu;ZHAO Zhiyuan;MA Yanting;ZHAI Bingnian(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100;Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100;Apple Experiment Station,Northwest A&F University,Baishui,Shaanxi 715600)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学白水苹果试验站,陕西白水715600

出　　处：《北方园艺》2021年第20期18-26,共9页Northern Horticulture

基　　金：陕西省科技重大专项资助项目(2020zdzx03-02-01);国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS-27);陕西省农业科技创新转化资助项目(NYKJ-2015-17);公益性行业(农业)科研专项资助项目(201303104);西北农林科技大学试验示范基地科技成果推广资助项目(TGZX2014-16)。

摘　　要：以一年生"瑞阳"苹果幼树为试材,采用不同浓度的水培试验,研究了不同钙、镁浓度梯度(Mg0-0 mmol·L^(-1)MgSO_(4)、Mg2-2 mmol·L^(-1)MgSO_(4)、Mg6-6 mmol·L^(-1)MgSO_(4)、Ca0-0 mmol·L^(-1)CaCl_(2)、Ca5-5 mmol·L^(-1)CaCl_(2)、Ca15-15 mmol·L^(-1)CaCl_(2))对苹果幼树生长发育、光合色素、光合特性的影响,以期为今后果园科学施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:1)在缺镁处理下,苹果幼树叶片叶脉保持绿色,脉间失绿;与正常处理相比,幼树的株高显著下降了41.5%,根系活力显著下降46.6%,叶片中叶绿素a、b、类胡萝卜素含量均显著下降,叶绿素含量下降49.9%,净光合速率显著下降51.7%;2)在高镁处理下,幼树叶片叶缘卷曲,叶背隆起;与正常处理相比,株高下降了28.3%,叶片中叶绿素b含量显著下降16.2%;3)在缺钙处理下,苹果幼树叶片出现棕黄色褪绿斑并且早衰;与正常处理相比显著降低了幼树的株高、茎粗,根系活力显著降低了76.6%,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等均显著下降;叶片净光合速率较正常处理显著降低了74.6%,气孔导度和蒸腾速率分别下降47.9%、36.4%;4)在高钙处理下,幼树叶片叶缘呈褐色焦枯状同时叶缘破裂,与正常处理相比,株高显著降低了37.3%,叶片中叶绿素b含量显著下降28.9%。综上所述,钙镁缺乏胁迫下,果树生长发育迟缓,根系吸收养分能力差,叶片失绿黄化,叶绿素合成受阻,光合作用强度降低,而在过量钙镁胁迫下对苹果幼树的影响要小于钙镁缺乏处理。Taking one-year-old‘Ruiyang’apple saplings as the test materials,the effects of different concentrations of calcium and magnesium concentration gradients(Mg0-0 mmol·L^(-1)MgSO_(4),Mg2-2 mmol·L^(-1)MgSO_(4),Mg6-6 mmol·L^(-1)MgSO_(4),Ca0-0 mmol·L^(-1)CaCl_(2),Ca5-5 mmol·L^(-1)CaCl_(2),Ca15^(-1)5 mmol·L^(-1)CaCl_(2))on the growth and development,photosynthetic pigment and photosynthetic characteristics of young apple trees were stuided,in order to provide a reasonable basis for scientific fertilization in orchards in the future.The results showed that,1)under magnesium deficiency treatment,the leaf veins of apple saplings remained green and the veins were degreen.Compared with the normal treatment,the plant height of young trees decreased significantly by 41.5%,the root activity decreased significantly by 46.6%,the contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoids in leaves decreased significantly,the chlorophyll content decreased by 49.9%,and the net photosynthetic rate in leaves decreased significantly by 51.7%.2)Under high magnesium treatment,leaf margin curled and leaf back bulged.Compared with the normal treatment,the plant height decreased by 28.3%,and the chlorophyll b content in leaves decreased by 16.2%.3)Under calcium deficiency treatment,the leaves of young apple trees showed brownish yellow chlorotic spots and premature senescence.Compared with the normal treatment,the plant height and stem diameter of young trees were significantly reduced,and the root activity was significantly reduced by 76.6%.At the same time,chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b in leaves were significantly decreased.In terms of photosynthetic characteristics,the net photosynthetic rate of leaves was significantly decreased by 74.6%compared with that of the normal treatment,and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were decreased by 47.9%and 36.4%,respectively.4)Under high calcium treatment,the leaf edge of young trees was brown withered and the leaf edge ruptured.Compared with the normal treatment,the plant height w

关 键 词：苹果幼树 钙、镁失调 叶片诊断 光合特性 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]