能量保护模式的概念释义、作用机制与训练启示  

Interpretation on the Energy Protection Mode and Its Mechanism and Application to Sports Training

作　　者：孔凡明 米靖[1] 马杰 KONG Fan-ming;MI Jing;MA Jie(School of Competitive Sports,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China;Sports Department,National Academy of Chinese Theatre Arts,Beijing 100073,China)

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学竞技体育学院,北京100084 [2]中国戏曲学院体育部,北京100073

出　　处：《北京体育大学学报》2021年第10期90-99,共10页Journal of Beijing Sport University

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助“持续训练和间歇训练促进青少年有氧耐力的机制及方法优化研究”(项目编号:20211021);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助“青少年HIIT训练心脏风险研究”(项目编号:2018PT007);教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(教技函[2013]47号)。

摘　　要：完善的能量代谢系统是维持机体各项生理机能正常工作的基本保证,亦是保持运动能力的重要前提。经过漫长的生物进化,人体的能量供应系统和能量分配体系已形成了高度的"节省化"模式,有学者称其为能量保护模式或能量代谢补偿模式。目前学术界对能量保护模式的研究尚处于起步阶段,对该模式的概念释义、主要观点与作用机制等尚不清楚。通过梳理国内外相关文献后发现,能量保护模式是机体的能量代谢系统对外界负荷刺激或环境变化产生的一种保护现象,其目的是保持能量代谢的正平衡,防止能量过度消耗。该现象多发生于食物匮乏、能量短缺、高体力活动或冬眠期间;抑制性能量消耗模型理论、节俭基因表型学说、大脑皮层可塑性、运动经济性、生物节律、生理学适应、激素分泌、睡眠以及心理因素可能是能量保护模式的作用机制。训练启示:建议采用"有效负荷量"安排训练,从而达到既可提高训练效率又能有效预防运动损伤的训练目标。A sound energy metabolism system is essential for maintaining the various physiological functions of the human body,and it is also an important prerequisite for maintaining athletic competence. After a long period of biological evolution,the human body’s energy supply system and energy distribution system have switched to a highly"energy saving"mode,which some scholars call the energy protection mode or the energy metabolism compensation mode. At present,research on the energy protection mode in academia is still in its infancy,and the interpretation on this concept,the main viewpoints and relevant mechanism regarding this mode are still unclear. After reviewing relevant domestic and foreign literature,this study finds that the energy protection mode is protection against external load stimuli or environmental changes,a mechanism produced by the body’s energy metabolism system. Such a mode aims to maintain a positive balance of energy metabolism and prevent excessive energy consumption. This phenomenon often occurs during periods of food shortage,energy shortage,intense physical activity or hibernation;the constrained model of energy expenditure,thrifty gene theory,cerebral cortex plasticity,exercise economy,biological rhythm,physiological adaptation,hormone secretion,sleep and psychological factors may be the mechanism for the energy protection mode. Recommendations for training:it is recommended to schedule training with "effective training volume",so as to achieve the training goal of not only improving training efficiency but also effectively preventing sports injuries.

关 键 词：能量代谢 保护模式 运动经济性 节俭基因 抑制性能量消耗模型 

分 类 号：G804.7[文化科学—运动人体科学]