清末民初(1895—1920)我国“体育”概念形成与演变过程探究——以毛泽东《体育之研究》为中心  

A Probe into How the Concept of “Tiyu” Emerged and Evolved in the Late Qing Dynasty to the Early Republic of China(1895—1920):a Historical Reflection on Mao Zedong’s “A Study of Physical Culture”

作　　者：李兆旭 LI Zhao-xu(History Department,School of Humanities,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518061,Guangdong China)

机构地区：[1]深圳大学人文学院历史系,广东深圳518061

出　　处：《北京体育大学学报》2021年第10期129-139,共11页Journal of Beijing Sport University

基　　金：国家留学基金“国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目”(项目编号:留金发[2018]3101)。

摘　　要：《体育之研究》是清末民初体育理论的代表性成果,反映了当时人们对"体育"概念的认知。以《体育之研究》为中心,厘清清末民初"体育"概念的形成和演变过程,为当下的体育理论研究提供史实基础。毛泽东笔下的"体育"概念兼具教育学、卫生学元素,且体育的概念体系初具雏形。为考证以上语用现象的成因,检索并研读了1895—1920年出版的相关书籍、报刊。文献显示,汉语中的"体育"概念有卫生学、教育学两大学理起源;"体育"一词的语义反复变化,且以其为中心生成了体育概念群,但基本趋势是"运动"的核心地位日益突出。由此,体育概念群的使用范围从学校教育、个人卫生向运动竞技延伸,体育与卫生、教育事业的边界也初步显现。由这一过程可见,语词的使用具有逻辑思辨因素,是集体认知不断超越个体认知局限的过程。清末民初"体育"概念的产生与演变,不仅揭示了当今体育工作推进"体教融合""体医融合"的必要性,也揭示了语义和语用变化逻辑在体育理论研究中的重要性。此外,虽然《体育之研究》很可能作于马克思主义传入中国前,但其唯物辩证法观点事实上为马克思主义体育提供了中国方案,也有助于今人理解马克思主义进入中国的思想基础。"A Study of Physical Culture"by Mao Zedong provides important clues about the appearance and development of the concept of"tiyu"(physical culture)during the late Qing dynasty to the early Republic of China. In order to clarify the historical facts of the emergence and development of the concept of"tiyu"in China,and to provide historical evidence for the current debate on the concept of"tiyu",this paper analyzes the text of "A Study of Physical Culture". A text analysis tells that Mao Zedong’s"A Study of Physical Culture",a rather profound understanding on sports theory in the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China,fully explained the concept of"tiyu". Then,the author studies relevant books and newspapers published from 1895 to 1920,and analyzes the concept of"tiyu"in the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China. The Chinese term"tiyu"was an interdisciplinary term based on health and pedagogy from the very beginning. The semantics of the term"tiyu"has changed repeatedly,and relevant concepts have been generated around it,with an increasingly clear focus on"exercise",which extended the use of"tiyu"from school physical education and personal health to sports competitions. The boundary among"tiyu",health and pedagogy started to emerge,which laid a foundation for"tiyu"to develop into an independent discipline and industry."A Study of Physical Culture"has important theoretical value in the history of sports. This historical study on the concept of"tiyu"in the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China reflects the speculative elements in language use,a process in which collective cognition continues to surpass the limitations of individual cognition. It also reveals the necessity to leverage the interdisciplinary nature of sports and promote the integration of sports and education and the integration of sports and medical sciences. Moreover,it provides a specific approach to sports guided by localized Marxism and implies the development direction of the cause of sport guided by Marxism.

关 键 词：《体育之研究》 体育概念群 卫生学 “德智体”三育 学校体育 

分 类 号：G812.9[文化科学—体育学]