糖尿病视网膜病变病理机制研究中的模式动物选择  

Optimal selection of animal models in the pathogenesis study of diabetic retinopathy

作　　者：王麒雲 张新媛 林潇 Wang Qiyun;Zhang Xinyuan;Lin Xiao(Beijing Tongren Eye Center,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology,Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science,Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100005,China)

机构地区：[1]首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院北京同仁眼科中心北京市眼科研究所眼科学与视觉科学北京市重点实验室,100005

出　　处：《国际眼科纵览》2021年第5期449-454,共6页International Review of Ophthalmology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(81570850、81170859、82070988);科技部国家重点研发计划重大慢性非传染性疾病防控研究项目(2016YFC1305604)。

摘　　要：糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)以视网膜微血管异常、新生血管形成及神经元退行性变为主要病理特征。通过药物诱导、饮食诱导、基因敲除、转基因等方法制造的多种动物模型已用于研究。其中,啮齿类动物是最常用的动物模型,已广泛用于DR的发病机制特别是遗传学研究、药物干预(特别是基因治疗、干细胞移植治疗)等领域。非人类灵长类DR动物模型的病理生理特征与人类极为相似,具有啮齿类动物没有的黄斑结构,因此在临床前研究中占有重要地位。此外,犬、猪、猫、斑马鱼等动物也用于DR的动物模型建立。但无论是诱发型或自发性DR动物模型,其大多数只能表现为DR早期阶段的临床特征如视网膜微血管瘤形成、硬性渗出、点状和斑状视网膜出血、视网膜静脉扩张、视网膜内微血管异常等,只有极少数可通过诱导局部缺血的方法或将血管内皮生长因子直接注射入眼内诱发DR晚期阶段的类临床特征。Diabetic retinopathy(diabetic retinopathy,DR)is characterized by retinal micro-vasculopathy and neuronal degeneration.At present,a variety of animal models have been developed for DR research through drug and diet induction and genome editing.Among the animals,rodents are the most commonly used mammals for studies of pathogenesis of DR,especially in the fields of genetic research,drug intervention(especially gene therapy,stem cell transplantation)and others.Due to the specific structure of macular which cannot be found in other animals,the non-human primates animal model has become significant important for DR research because its pathophysiological characteristics are very similar to those of human beings.In addition,dogs,pigs,cats,zebrafish ect are also utilized for establishing models of DR.Whether the DR model was induced or spontaneous established,most of them can only be found to show the lesions of early stage of DR,such as retinal microaneurysm,hard exudate,punctate and macular retinal hemorrhage,retinal vein dilatation,abnormality of retinal micro-vessels and so on.Only a few of them can be induced to show some late clinical features of DR,these typical clinical sign usually can be induced by local ischemia or injection of vascular endothelial growth factor.

关 键 词：糖尿病视网膜病变 视网膜微血管病变 神经元退行性变 哺乳动物模型 转基因动物 基因编辑 

分 类 号：R587.2[医药卫生—内分泌] R774.1[医药卫生—内科学] R-332[医药卫生—临床医学]