“止种兴养”:清乾嘉年间徽州宗族处置生态危机的应变之策——以祁门环溪王氏履和堂宗族为中心  

"Stop Planting to Preserving":Countermeasures of Huizhou Clans in Dealing with Ecological Crisis during the Qianlong and Jiaqing Period in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：陈瑞[1] CHEN Rui(Center for Hui Studies,Anhui University,Hefei 230039)

机构地区：[1]安徽大学徽学研究中心,安徽合肥230039

出　　处：《中国农史》2021年第5期108-121,共14页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“近代徽州民众日常生活与社会变迁研究”(16JJD770001);安徽省高校协同创新项目“千年徽州县域治理研究”(GXXT-2021-031)。

摘　　要：清乾嘉年间棚民等人群的开山锄种粗放型山场经营方式打破了祁门环溪王氏履和堂宗族社区固有的生态平衡,并引发了区域性的生态环境恶化危机。为有效实施宗族社区生态治理,王氏履和堂宗族围绕"止种兴养"这一主题采取了一系列应变之策。在探寻生态危机治理应变之策过程中,王氏履和堂既重视发挥宗族自组织功能从自身内部设法应对,又重视寻求官府这一权威外力的支持。祁门县衙"准给示禁"、颁布《告示》并在王氏履和堂宗族呈递的《齐心兴养合族山场合同文约》上钤盖县衙大印的举动,及时回应了地方宗族借助于官府势力支持的诉求,官民之间围绕生态治理话题实现了良性互动。王氏履和堂宗族社区生态危机应对与治理的个案显示:清代徽州境内一些地方的区域性生态危机的形成经历了一个从量变到质变的演进过程,危机处置也经历了一个从纠结于山场开发带来的物质经济利益的诱惑向"止种兴养"与捍卫生态家园理性回归的过程。The extensive mountain farm management mode of the shed people and other people has broken the inherent ecological balance of the Wang’s Lühetang clan community of Huanxi in Qimen,and triggered a regional ecological environment deterioration crisis during the Qianlong and Jiaqing period in Qing Dynasty.In order to effectively implement the ecological governance of clan community,Wang’s Lühetang clan has taken a series of response actions around the theme of"stopping planting to preserving".In the process of exploring the countermeasures of ecological crisis management,it was not only paid attention to the clan self-organization function,but also paid attention to seeking the support of the government as an authoritative external force.The actions of Qimen County Government to"Agree to give notices to prohibit",issued"Notice",and sealed the county government seal on"Contract of Maintain the whole clan mountain farm together"presented by Wang’s Lühetang clan,timely responded to the appeal of local clan with the support of government forces,and realized benign interaction between government and people around the topic of ecological governance.A case study of ecological crisis response and governance in Wang’s Lühetang clan community showed that:The formation of regional ecological crisis in some places of Huizhou,experienced a process from quantitative change to qualitative change in Qing Dynasty.The crisis management has also gone through a process from being entangled in the material and economic benefits brought about by the development of mountain fields to returning to"stopping planting to preserving"and defending ecological homes.

关 键 词：徽州 祁门 环溪王氏 履和堂 棚民 生态治理 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]