清代官方视野下的灾民群体及其救济策略  

The Victims and the Relief Policy in the View of Authorities in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：杨双利 YANG Shuang-li(History and Culture College,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang 050024)

机构地区：[1]河北师范大学历史文化学院,河北石家庄050024

出　　处：《中国农史》2021年第5期131-143,共13页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“社仓与清代乡村治理研究”(19CZS033);中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目“清代仓储建设与粮食安全研究”(2019030157)。

摘　　要：清代中国政治、经济、文化、军事、社会、民族、地理环境等方面的多元性催生出的姻亲关系、族群认同、经济权利、阶层分异、文化区隔、地缘政治、灾荒境况等诸多因素对清代官方的灾民认定和救济策略产生了不同影响,使得不同群体中"灾民"的救济待遇表现出明显的差异化特征。为了实现"毋任一夫失所"的"养民"宏愿,清廷继承前代政治传统,结合本朝政权特点,在优先旗人的前提下,对农户、士人、军户等社会主流阶层给予了充分救济,同时也对边疆民族地区及其他不同身份的灾民群体、不同境况的灾荒地亩进行了特别处理。为了确定符合官方认同的真正"灾民",清廷严格采用了多种因素交互确认的方式。在救荒实践中,清廷灵活调整救济策略,使身份各异、境遇不同的各类灾民大都有了规则明确而形式多元的获救路径,这对清朝"大一统"国家政权建设产生了积极作用。Many factors like affinity,ethnic identity,economic rights,hierarchy,cultural difference,geographic politics,and natural disaster brought out by the diversity of politics,economy,culture,military,society,nationality and geographic environment in China during the Qing Dynasty,had different influence on the refugee identity and relief strategies of Qing authority.It makes the relief of victims tend to be significantly different.Based on the political tradition of previous governance and the regime features of the reign of the day,the authorities provided sufficient relief for the mainstream classes like farmers,scholars,soldiers and nobilities,and handled the victims in border areas,the other victims of different identities as well as lands suffering from different degrees of disasters in special means in order to give everyone the benefit.In order to make sure that the victims met the standards of the"real victim",the authorities made confirmation in an interactive way by considering diverse factors.In the practice of relief,the authorities adjusted the relief strategies flexibly,providing the majority of refugees who owned different identities and suffered from different conditions with clear rules and diversified approaches to get rescued,which also played a positive role in the unification of Qing’s national regime.

关 键 词：清代 灾民 官方视野 救济策略 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]