华木莲开花结实特性及其濒危的影响因素  

Flowering and Fruiting Characteristics of Sinomanglietia glauca and Its Endangered Reason Analysis

作　　者：龙桂根 陈发菊[2] 陈应德 姚蕾 郑庆衍 李乾明 王勇 Long Guigen;Chen Faju;Chen Yingde;Yao Lei;Zheng Qingyan;Li Qianming;Wang Yong(Yichun Academy of Sciences,Yichun 336000,P.R.China;Three Gorges University;Yichun Academy of Sciences)

机构地区：[1]宜春市科学院,宜春336000 [2]三峡大学

出　　处：《东北林业大学学报》2021年第10期47-51,共5页Journal of Northeast Forestry University

基　　金：珍稀乡土树种华木莲良种繁育及造林技术推广(JXTG[2017]07号)。

摘　　要：为了提高华木莲(Sinomanglietia glauca Z.X.Yu et Q.Y.Zheng)结实率,改善华木莲天然林的濒危状况。在2010年—2020年间对3处华木莲林分开花结实、种子特性进行观测,并通过杂交指数估测、控制授粉的方法,分析华木莲花朵发育物候特性、果实种子性状特性及其濒危机制。结果表明:华木莲开花过程可分为蕾期、初开期、盛开期、重合期、萎蔫期、凋零期6个阶段,花期为2~3 d。整个种群花期持续15 d左右,持续开花,无盛花高峰期。华木莲杂交指数为4,柱头在花蕾期即有活力,初开期时花粉成熟。华木莲自然授粉结实率低,仅为40%,而同株异花、异株异花授粉结实率达73%、87%,自花授粉难以进行。华木莲初次结实树龄为6.33 a,盛果期树龄为11.33 a,果实集中于树冠中上部,单株华木莲结实量存在较大波动,有明显的“大小年”现象。华木莲种群结实单株仅为整个居群的42.18%~37.95%。华木莲种子的肉质假种皮质量达到种子质量的57.37%,带有假种皮及去除假种皮的种子萌芽率分别为10.20%、95.70%。华木莲特殊的花朵结构、开花过程、授粉方式、种子包裹过厚的肉质假种皮等是华木莲自然开花结实率低、种子自然萌芽率低、自然更新难以进行的因素,也是导致华木莲濒危的原因。在华木莲开花期间,开展人工辅助授粉,并及时收集华木莲种子,去除其肉质假种皮,人工促进其萌芽,是提高华木莲结实率、种子萌芽率的可行性手段,也是提高其种群多样性的重要途径。To improve Sinomanglietia glauca seed setting rate and the endangered situation of the natural forest of S.glauca,we observed the flowering and seed characteristics of three S.glauca stands from 2010 to 2020,and analyzed the flower development phenology characteristics,fruit seed characteristics,and the endangered mechanism of S.glauca by hybrid index estimation and control pollination method.There were six stages in the flowering process:bud stage,initial stage,blooming stage,overlapping stage,wilting stage and withering stage.The flowering period was 2-3 d,and the whole population lasted for about 15 d,with continuous flowering and no peak period.The hybrid index of S.glauca was 4,and the stigma was active at the bud stage,and the pollen matured at the initial stage.The natural pollination and fruiting rate of S.glauca was low,only 40%.The first fruit bearing age was 6.33 a,the full fruit bearing age was 11.33 a,and the fruit concentrated in the middle and upper part of the crown.The fruit bearing amount of a single plant of S.glauca fluctuated greatly,and there was an obvious“big and small”year phenomenon.Only 42.18%-37.95%of the fruiting plants were found in the population of S.glauca.The percentage of seed germination with and without the aril was 10.20%and 95.70%,respectively.By the theory of plant reproduction and breeding system,it is considered that the special flower structure,flowering process,pollination mode and thick aril enclosing seeds are the factors of low natural flowering and seed bearing rate,low natural germination rate of seeds and difficult natural regeneration,which are also the reasons for the endangered of S.glauca.Therefore,to carry out artificial pollination,collect the seeds in time,remove the flesh aril,and promote the germination artificially are the feasible means to improve the seed bearing rate and seed germination rate,and is the important way to improve the species group diversity.

关 键 词：华木莲 花朵特性 开花过程 授粉方式 结实特性 种子特性 濒危机制 

分 类 号：Q945.6[生物学—植物学] Q945.53