供氮量对春玉米产量和氮素利用的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Spring Maize Yield and Nitrogen Utilization

作　　者：王怡针 苏港 臧凤艳 李子芳 吴锡冬 于美荣 WANG Yizhen;SU Gang;ZANG Fengyan;LI Zifang;WU Xidong;YU Meirong(College of Agronomy&Resources and Environment,Tianjin Agricultural University,Tianjin 300384,China;Tianjin Agricultural Development Service Center,Tianjin 300061,China)

机构地区：[1]天津农学院农学与资源环境学院,天津300384 [2]天津市农业发展服务中心,天津300061

出　　处：《天津农业科学》2021年第11期13-19,共7页Tianjin Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFD0200808)。

摘　　要：为探究不同供氮量对春玉米产量和氮素利用的影响,以‘郑单958’为试验材料,设置5个供氮水平0,135,270,405,540 kg·hm^(-2),以期为春玉米的减氮增效提供理论依据。结果表明,当供氮量增至405 kg·hm^(-2),时春玉米产量和行粒数不再显著提高,最高分别为10.69×10^(3) kg·hm^(-2),和37.05;但供氮量增至270 kg·hm^(-2),时穗行数和穗粒数不再显著增加;而百粒质量在不同供氮处理间无显著差异。与0 kg·hm^(-2),相比,供氮显著提高春玉米干物质积累及转运量,吐丝期和成熟期干物质积累量显著提高23.29%~62.29%和20.91%~49.42%,花后干物质转运量、转运率和转运对籽粒的贡献率分别显著提高51.62%~162.98%,23.13%~62.07%,25.75%~82.56%;供氮量为405 kg·hm^(-2),吐丝期和成熟期干物质积累量、干物质转运与籽粒贡献率有最大值,比供氮135 kg·hm^(-2),显著提高27.76%,23.58%,162.98%,62.07%,82.56%。供氮能显著影响玉米氮素积累及转运分配效率,供氮条件下玉米吐丝期和成熟期的地上部植株氮素积累量比0 kg·hm^(-2),显著提高39.65%~98.72%,38.90%~83.19%,吐丝期和成熟期的氮素积累量均随供氮量增加呈增加趋势,分别在540,405 kg·hm^(-2),达峰值;营养器官氮素转运量随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,增幅26.47%~75.42%,但供氮540,405 kg·hm^(-2),间无差异,比135 kg·hm^(-2),分别提高36.76%~38.70%。此外,施肥处理间氮素转运率无显著差异。综上所述,在405 kg·hm^(-2),供氮水平下,春玉米通过提高行粒数、增强干物质积累、氮素积累能力和转运效率从而实现产量突破10.5×10^(3) kg·hm^(-2),,同时氮素利用率、氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别达44.53 kg·kg^(-1),26.17%,9.07 kg·kg^(-1),26.4 kg·kg^(-1),实现氮素优化利用。In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen supply on yield and nitrogen utilization of spring maize,the maize'Zhengdan 958 were supplied 0,135,270,405 and 540 kg·hm-2 nitrogen,respectively.We expect to provide a theoretical basis for reducing nitrogen usage and improving its efficiency in spring maize.The results showed that the yield and grains per row increased significantly with increasing nitrogen supply until 405 kg·hm-2,the maximums were 10.69×103 kg·hm-2 and 37.05 respectively;while the rows per ear and grain number per ear didn’t increase significantly until 270 kg·hm-2,and the hundred-grain weigh didn’t show significant differences between any two treatments.Compared with 0 kg·hm-2 treatment,nitrogen supply could significantly improve the dry matter accumulation and transportation of spring maize,the indices increased by 23.29%-62.29%and 20.91%-49.42%in the silking and maturing periods,respectively.In addition,after anthesis,the amounts of dry matter transportation,rates of transportation and contribution of transportation to grains had increased by 51.62%-162.98%,23.13%-62.07%23.13%-62.07%and 25.75%-82.56%,respectively.In the silking and maturing periods,the accumulation and transportation of dry matter and contribution of transportation to grains in 405 kg·hm-2 nitrogen supply reached the highest,which significantly increased by 27.76%,23.58%,162.98%,62.07%,82.56%,respectively,as compared to those in 135 kg·hm-2 nitrogen supply.Nitrogen application could affect significantly nitrogen accumulation and efficiency of transportation and distribution of maize.In the silking and maturity stages,with nitrogen application,the amounts of the aboveground nitrogen accumulation were significantly increased as much as 39.65%-98.72%and 38.90%-83.19%,compared with 0 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application.In addition,the amounts of nitrogen accumulation showed an uptrend with increasing nitrogen supply in above two stages,and peaked in 540 and 405 kg·hm-2 treatments,respectively.The amounts of nitrogen transpo

关 键 词：供氮量 产量 干物质积累 氮素利用 

分 类 号：S531[农业科学—作物学]