华北平原小农户夏玉米田间密度损失与原因分析  

Analysis of Density Loss of Summer Maize in Small Householders in Northern China Plain

作　　者：张天华 李东炎 翟小虎 李静 ZHANG Tianhua;LI Dongyan;ZHAI Xiaohu;LI Jing(Henan Puyang Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Puyang,Henan 457162,China;Henan Puyang County Agricultural Technology Promotion Center,Puyang,Henan 457100,China;Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Puyang County,Puyang,Henan 457100,China)

机构地区：[1]河南省濮阳县柳屯镇农业服务中心,河南濮阳457162 [2]河南省濮阳县农业技术推广中心,河南濮阳457100 [3]河南省濮阳县农业农村局,河南濮阳457100

出　　处：《热带农业科学》2021年第11期25-32,共8页Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture

摘　　要：减少夏玉米田间密度损失是玉米稳产和田间产量潜力提升的重要途径。为了了解夏玉米田间损失情况及分析密度损失原因。对河南省濮阳县黄庙村采取农户调研与田间实际生产状况调查相结合的方式,探明夏玉米密度损失的原因及主导限制因素。结果表明:玉米密度损失的原因可归结为机械损失和农学损失,其中机械作业造成34.33%的损失,农学管理造成23.91%的损失。机械损失主要为在播种机作业过程中造成的种子丢失,以及机械排种的一致性和均匀性较差。农学管理的主导性因素为施氮量,其次为蒙头水以及施磷量和种肥水平距离;施钾量和施肥深度对密度损失的影响较小。当施氮量在150~180 kg/hm^(2),并在播种当天灌溉蒙头水,控制肥料和种子的水平距离以及肥料深度,玉米密度损失最小。研究结果为优化管理措施减少夏玉米田间密度损失提供理论支撑。Reducing density loss of summer maize is an important pathway for maintaining stable yield and improving potential yield.In order to find out the field loss of summer maize and analyze the causes of summer maize density loss,a household survey and a field actual production survey were conducted to explore the causes and leading limiting factors of density loss of summer maize in Huangmiao Village,Puyang County,Henan province.The results showed that the loss of maize density was attributed to mechanical loss and agronomic loss,of which the mechanical loss accounted for 34.33%and the agricultural management loss accounted for 23.91%.The mechanical loss was mainly due to seed loss caused by poor quality of planter and to poor consistency and uniformity of mechanical seeding.The leading factors of agronomic loss were the amount of nitrogen applied,followed by the amount of phosphorus applied and the depth of fertilizer application.The potassium application rate and the horizontal distance between the seed and fertilizer gave no significant effect on density loss.The maize density loss was minimized when nitrogen was applied at a rate of 150~180 kg·ha^(-1) with irrigation on the sowing day and judicial control of the horizontal distance between the fertilizer and the seed and the depth of fertilizer in the soil.The results provide theoretical support for optimizing management measures to reduce the density loss of summer maize.

关 键 词：夏玉米 密度损失 机械损失 农学损失 

分 类 号：S145.6[农业科学—肥料学]