蒙古栎花芽分化、花器官发育及花粉离体萌发特性研究  

Study on Floral Bud Differentiation,Floral Organ Development and Pollen Germination of Quercus mongolica

作　　者：王玉涛[1] 郭雨竹 李佳宁 王澍涵 冀宗琪 陆秀君[1] WANG Yu-tao;GUO Yu-zhu;LI Jia-ning;WANG Shu-han;JI Zong-qi;LU Xiu-jun(College of Forestry,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shengyang 110161,China)

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学林学院,沈阳110161

出　　处：《沈阳农业大学学报》2021年第5期530-536,共7页Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0600602);辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2020JH2/10200033)。

摘　　要：研究蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Ledeb.)花芽分化过程中内部解剖结构与外部形态变化的规律,花器官发育特征,并探究花粉的萌发特性,为蒙古栎新品种选育及栽培提供重要的理论依据。通过外部形态观测,结合石蜡切片技术,研究蒙古栎芽形态发育,明确花芽分化时期及各时期特征,并通过扫描电镜观察和离体萌发试验,观测蒙古栎的花粉结构和萌发特性。结果表明:蒙古栎的芽为混合芽,新芽在5月下旬开始孕育,7月初芽的纵径和横径接近,平均为1.0mm;到10月下旬蒙古栎进入休眠期前,顶芽的纵径发育至9.26mm,横径至4.22mm;到翌年4月初叶序露出前,顶芽纵径可达10.40mm,横径可达4.85mm。蒙古栎花芽内部分化可分为5个时期:未分化期、分化初期、萼片分化期、雄花形成期、雌花形成期。花芽未分化期持续时间较长,先形成茎端的生长点,开始叶芽分化;9月上中旬进入花芽分化初期,10月中下旬,进入萼片形成期,翌年3月进入雄花形成期和雌花形成期,雄花形成期早于雌花形成期。4月中旬可见雄花,4月下旬开花,此时雌花也发育完全,呈红色,略晚于雄花开放。蒙古栎花粉属于中粒花粉,长椭球形,极轴长平均值为41.22μm,赤道轴长平均值为22.64μm,具有3条萌发沟,其纹饰是聚颗粒状类型。在蔗糖浓度为150g·L^(-1),硼酸浓度为200mg·L^(-1)的培养基上培养,蒙古栎花粉萌发率可达46.59%。蒙古栎在开花结束的当月开始孕育新的混合芽,叶芽先于花芽分化,芽中有多个花原基,翌年3月开始雌雄花的分化,靠近芽上端的形成雌花序,下端的形成雄花序,雄花花丝短,花药由4个花粉囊组成,花粉的离体培养需要适宜浓度的糖和硼酸,以提高萌发率。In order to provide important theoretical basis for the breeding and cultivation of new cultivars of Quercus mongolica,we studied the changes of internal anatomical structure and external morphology during the bud differentiation of Q.mongolica,the development characteristics of flower organs,and the germination characteristics of pollen.The changes of external morphology during bud differentiation were observed,and analyzed using conventional paraffin section,and to determine the differentiation period and characteristics of each period.The pollen structure and germination characteristics of Q.mongolica were observed by scanning electron microscopy and in vitro germination test.The results show that the buds of Q.mongolica were mixed buds,the new buds began to inoculate in late May,and the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the buds were 1.0mm on average in early July;before Q.mongolica entered dormant stage in late October,the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of apical buds developed to 9.26mm and 4.22mm respectively;by early April of the following year,phyllotaxis showed before,the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of the apical bud can reach 10.40mm and 4.85mm.The internal differentiation of Q.mongolica’s buds can be divided into five stages:undifferentiation stage,early differentiation stage,sepal differentiation stage,male flower formation stage,female flower formation stage.The bud undifferentiated period last for a long time,during which the bud differentiation had begun and the growth point at the stem end were formed.In early September,it entered the early stage of flower bud differentiation,in mid-late October,sepal forming stage,and in March of the following year,stamen forming stage and pistil forming stage,and stamen forming stage was earlier than pistil forming stage.Male flowers appeared on the branches in mid-April and bloom in late April,when the female flowers were also fully developed and red,and bloomed slightly later than the male.Q.mongolica’s pollen belon

关 键 词：蒙古栎 花芽分化 花原基 花粉萌发率 花粉管 

分 类 号：S718.47[农业科学—林学]