淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量的精确运筹  

Nitrogen fertilizer reduction and precise application model on mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning in Huaibei Area

作　　者：张军[1,2] 周冬冬 许轲[2] 李必忠[1] 刘忠红[1] 周年兵 方书亮[1] 张永进[1] 汤洁[3] 安礼政 ZHANG Jun;ZHOU Dong-Dong;XU Ke;LI Bi-Zhong;LIU Zhong-Hong;ZHOU Nian-Bing;FANG Shu-Liang;ZHANG Yong-Jin;TANG Jie;AN Li-Zheng(Huai’an Agricultural Technology Promotion Center,Huai’an 223001,Jiangsu,China;College of Agriculture,Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley,Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology,Yangzhou 225009,Jiangsu,China;Huai’an Meteorological Administration,Huai’an 223001,Jiangsu,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏省淮安市农业技术推广中心,江苏淮安223001 [2]扬州大学/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009 [3]江苏省淮安市气象局,江苏淮安223001

出　　处：《作物学报》2022年第2期410-422,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300503);江苏现代农业产业技术体系建设项目[JATS(2018)110,ATS(2019)187,JATS(2020)177];江苏省333工程资助项目(BRA2019218);淮安市“533英才工程”科研项目(HAA201757)资助。

摘　　要：当前"减氮"成为优质食味粳稻种植措施之一,但减氮后的氮肥科学运筹方案尚不够明确,需进一步研究。2018—2019年,选用优质食味粳稻品种‘南粳505’和‘南粳2728’为材料,前茬麦秸秆全量还田,采用机插方式,在总施氮量较当地常规施氮量减少20%条件下,设置基蘖肥和穗肥比例分别为5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2四种氮肥运筹比例,研究了淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量精确运筹。结果表明,随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例增加,产量呈先增后降趋势,7∶3处理产量最高,2年达11,134.80~11,280.19 kg hm^(-2),较CK增产1.23%~2.54%,但差异不显著;7∶3处理群体高产,在于能获得充足的群体颖花量、较高的结实率和千粒重。随着基蘖肥比例增加,有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期群体干物质积累量呈增加趋势;抽穗期、成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量、最终氮素积累量及氮素利用率,呈先增后降趋势,均以7∶3处理最高。与常规施氮处理相比,减氮处理通过增加前期施氮肥比例(7∶3),能确保群体后期获得较高的干物质积累量;成熟期氮素积累量较小,但显著提升了氮素吸收利用率,较CK高14.10%~15.48%,差异显著。减氮后增加基蘖肥比例使优质食味粳稻加工品质变劣,外观品质变优,蒸煮食味品质改善,RVA谱优化。在麦秸秆全量还田条件下,较常规施肥减氮20%,基蘖肥与穗肥运筹7∶3处理优质食味粳稻产量稳定,大幅提升氮素吸收利用率,改善稻米外观和食味品质,在一定程度上实现了优质食味粳稻的高产、优质、高效的综合种植目标。At present,"nitrogen reduction" has become one of the planting measures for good eating quality japonica rice,but the scientific management plan of nitrogen fertilizer after nitrogen reduction is unclear and further studies are needed.From 2018 to 2019,good eating quality japonica rice varieties including Nanjing 505 and Nanjing 2728 were planted as materials,and four ratios of basic and tillering to panicle fertilizer including 5:5,6:4,7:3,and 8:2 were arranged with nitrogen application 20% less than conventional nitrogen application(CK) for mechanical transplanting rice under wheat straw returning.Yield,rice quality,and nitrogen utilization were investigated to determine the effects under nitrogen reduction for good eating quality japonica rice.The results were as follows:With the increase of the proportion of the basic and tillering fertilizer in the total nitrogen application,the yield increased first and then decreased.The 7:3 treatment had the highest yield,reaching 11,134.80–11,280.19 kg hm^(-2) for two years.Compared with CK,the yield increased by 1.23%–2.54% and there was no significant difference.The 7:3 treatment group could obtain sufficient population spikelet,higher seed-setting rate,and 1000-grain weight.With the increase of the proportion of nitrogen application in the previous period,the dry matter weight of the population at(N-n) stage and jointing stage displayed an increasing trend,while the dry matter weight at heading stage and maturity stage,the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity,the final nitrogen accumulation and the nitrogen efficiency increased first and then decreased,and reached a peak in the 7:3 treatment.Compared with CK,nitrogen reduction treatment could ensure higher dry matter accumulation of the population at the later stage by increasing the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer application(7:3) at the early stage,which significantly improved nitrogen absorption and nitrogen use efficiency of the population by 14.10%–15.48%,and significantly higher than CK.For e

关 键 词：减氮 氮肥运筹 优质食味粳稻 产量 品质 氮素吸收利用 

分 类 号：S511.22[农业科学—作物学]