从边堡事件看明中期以后边防政策的变迁——以土木堡之变等三个边堡事件为例  

The Changes of Frontier Defence Policy after Mid-Ming Dynasty from Some Events Related to the Fortresses——Taking Three Events,Like T’u-mu Incident Happenedin Huailai County,Hebei Province as Examples

作　　者：段培西 杨荣星 Duan Peixi;Yang Rongxing(Shanxi Normal University,Taiyuan,Shanxi,030000;Shanxi Open University,Taiyuan,Shanxi,030027)

机构地区：[1]山西师范大学,山西太原030000 [2]山西开放大学,山西太原030027

出　　处：《山西广播电视大学学报》2021年第3期64-68,共5页Journal of Shanxi Radio & TV University

摘　　要：明朝中期,国力损耗巨大、军力下降,以武力手段应对边患的方式难以为继,明廷又不愿委曲求全,于是陷入进退两难的窘境。正统年间明军在今河北省怀来县的土木堡被也先重创,明朝采取了对蒙“绝贡”等若干消极固守政策;嘉靖年间俺答汗由今北京密云的古北口侵入,造成“庚戌之变”后,明朝施行的政策则趋向于强边与通贡并举;“隆庆和议”封贡互市后数十年,明廷与蒙古双方很少爆发大规模战争。这三个边堡事件说明,明廷在屡遭重创后才找到一种比较务实的对蒙政策去处理边患,从而大大缓和了矛盾;蒙汉交流和融合的大趋势,不可阻抑。The national strength and the military strength were seriously weakened in the middle Ming Dynasty,so it was difficult to cope with the border crisis by force.The Ming government was also unwilling to compromise,so it was caught in a dilemma.During the Zhengtong period,the troops of Ming Dynasty was defeated by Yexian at a fort called T’u-mu,which is now located in Huailai County,Hebei Province.Then the Ming government adopted some passive and conservative policies,such as refusing the tributary trade with Mongolia.During the Jiajing period,Altan-Khan invaded Gubeikou fort,Miyun County,Beijing,leading to Geng-xu incident.Then the Ming government tended to take measures to secure border areas while conducting the tributary trade with Mongolia.After Longqing peace negotiation in Desheng fort,Datong,Shanxi Province,there were some economic exchanges and fewer wars between the two sides for several decades under the background of the establishment of the tributary system.These three major events show that the Ming government didn’t find a set of workable policies to deal with the border crisis until it experienced many setbacks,which greatly alleviated the conflicts.The trend of communication and integration between the two sides is unstoppable.

关 键 词：边防政策 土木堡之变 庚戌之变 隆庆和议 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]