清代“禁武令”背景下武举人才的来源及武术二元发展趋向  

The Sources of Wushu Talents and the Dualistic Development of Wushu under the Background of the"Ban of Wushu"in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：张震[1] 李亮 ZHANG Zhen;LI Liang(College of Physical Education and Health,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学体育与健康学院,上海200241

出　　处：《成都体育学院学报》2021年第6期48-54,61,共8页Journal of Chengdu Sport University

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“中国传统武术‘即象即身’的哲学认识论研究”(18CTY002)。

摘　　要：“禁武”一直是历朝历代维护集权统治的重要手段,但肇始于唐代终于清代的“武举制”也与之长期并存。在“禁武”与“武举”并行的背景下,习武人才的来源成为统治阶层不得不面对的二律背反。文章运用文献资料与逻辑分析法研究了清代几个阶段的禁武令与武举制度后发现,禁武只针对未纳入官方管辖的宗教化民间武术团体,而自康熙时代起,武举人才的培养就成为官学教育体系的重要组成部分,相关人才主要来源于:(1)以宗室为主的宗学,(2)以八旗、汉官为主的官学,(3)以汉军旗为主的义学三大渠道。但看似公平的武举制度在这种体系之下逐渐被上层阶级和世家大族所垄断。民间武术在这一时期与官方武术相分离,二者走上了相互独立和对立的发展道路。与明代武术官方与民间互通、互哺的融合化发展不同,清代武术呈现出明显的二元发展特征。Banning of Wushu has always been an important means to maintain centralized rule,but the"Wushu examination system",which began in the Tang Dynasty and ended in the Qing Dynasty,also coexisted with it over a long period of time.Under the coexistenc of"Banning of Wushu"and the"Wushu examination system",the source of Wushu talents became an antinomy for the ruling class.The article uses literature and logical analysis to study the banning of Wushu and the Wushus examination system in some periods of the Qing Dynasty,finding that the banning of Wushu only targeted religious folk Wushu groups that were not under official jurisdiction,while the training of Wushus talents became an important part of the official education system since the Kangxi era,and the talents mainly came from:(1)Zongxue(clan school),which was mainly held by royal families,(2)Guanxue(official school),which was mainly composed of Baqi and Han officials,and(3)Yixue(private/community school charging no tuition),which was mainly run by the Han military banners.However,the seemingly fair Wushu examination system was gradually monopolized by the upper class and the famous and influential clans.Folk Wushu was separated from official Wushu in this period,resulted in the two embarking on different development paths that were independent and antagonistic to each other.Unlike in the Ming Dynasty when official Wushu and folk Wushu interoperated and fed each other,Wushu in the Qing Dynasty showed obvious dualistic development characteristics.

关 键 词：禁武令 武举制 武术人才 秘密结社 二元发展 

分 类 号：G852[文化科学—民族体育]