清代茶叶土引考论  

Textual Research of “Tuyin” Tea during the Qing Period

作　　者：韩笑 石涛[1] HAN Xiao;SHI Tao(School of Economics and Management,Shanxi University)

机构地区：[1]山西大学经济与管理学院,太原030006

出　　处：《清史研究》2021年第6期74-89,共16页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“中国收入分配与市场研究(7-19世纪)”(19BJL001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：土引是清代独有的国家茶叶分配制度,只发行于四川西部天全一州,在打箭炉定点销售。它出现于清康熙年间,清朝正式将打箭炉地区编入《一统志》之后,卫藏营官控制打箭炉茶叶贸易结束。"土引行土司",清代发行土引的初衷具有较为明显"羁縻安抚"的政治意图。雍正朝改土归流和乾隆朝大小金川战役后,西南边疆地区逐渐稳定,土引在经济上的作用开始显现。但因发引数量和茶叶生产能力不符,土引也引发了诸多弊端。文章在对清代四川县志进行全面梳理的基础上,结合19世纪中后期英国人对打箭炉一带考察的资料,对土引涉及的各方面问题进行考证,力图勾勒出清代土引的全貌。Tuyin,one kind of tea certification,was a unique national tea distribution system in the Qing dynasty.The certification was only issued in the prefecture of Tianquan (present-day Tianquan county) in western Sichuan and was only available in designated locations in Dajianlu (present-day Kangding county).It appeared in the Kangxi era,after Dajianlu was officially included in Cartography of the Qing Dynasty.Local military officials in Dajianlu oversaw the final stage of the tea trade.The issue of tuyin had obvious political intent and was aimed at pacifying Tusi of Tianquan and controlling Tibet.Following the reorganization of political administration minority areas (gaitu guiliu) during the Yongzheng reign and the two Jinchuan campaigns in the Qianlong reign,the southwest border area was gradually stabilized and the system of tuyin increasingly revealed its economic importance.However,there were some drawbacks to the system of tuyin as well,due to the imbalance between the quantity of tuyin and the production capacity of tea.Based on a comprehensive survey of the gazetteers of Sichuan counties in the Qing Dynasty and the British investigation of Dajianlu in the mid and late nineteenth century,this paper examines many of the aspects of the system of tuyin.

关 键 词：清代 茶叶 土引 打箭炉 西藏 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]