积极生育支持背景下家庭生育支持政策与生育率的历史转变——基于中国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯、美国和德国的比较分析  

Family fertility support policies and historical changes in fertility rates——Based on international comparative analysis of China,Japan,South Korea,Russia,the United States and Germany

作　　者：王红漫[1] 杨磊 金俊开 王玉琪 WANG Hong-man;YANG Lei;JIN Jun-kai;WANG Yu-qi(School of Health Humanities,Peking University,Beijing 100083,China;School of Ethnology and Sociology,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学医学人文学院,北京100083 [2]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院,北京100081

出　　处：《卫生软科学》2021年第12期17-22,27,共7页Soft Science of Health

摘　　要：1970年代以来,世界主要发达国家普遍经历生育率下滑至生育更替水平以下且生育长期低迷的情况。在我国出台最新生育政策背景下,文章利用1960-2018年近60年的总和生育率历史数据,横向上比较分析了中国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯、美国和德国的家庭生育支持政策和生育水平的动态变化。研究发现,除了中国,其他几个国家基本都在1980年代后生育率开始低于更替水平。各国家庭生育支持政策在提高生育率上效果有显著差异。受传统文化影响,在东亚国家(中国、日本、韩国),无力解决女性家庭-工作平衡的家庭政策对生育影响效果甚微。而俄罗斯家庭生育政策在一定程度上提高了生育率水平,德国在支持女性就业方面的政策力度不够,生育率仍比较低。通过比较视角,提出我国应优化政策顶层设计,构建生育支持体系,保障女性就业权益、释放家庭生育活力,提升民生保障水平、降低抚养直接成本等建议。Since the 1970s,the world s major developed countries have generally experienced fertility rates down and even falling below the replacement level and long-term fertility sluggishness.This article uses historian data of total fertility rate from 1960 to 2018 to compare and analyze the dynamic changes of family fertility support policies and fertility levels in China,Japan,South Korea,Russia,the United States,and Germany.The study finds that,except for China,the fertility rates of several other countries basically started to fall below the replacement level after the 1980s.There are significant differences in the effects of family reproductive support policies in increasing fertility rates in various countries.Affected by traditional culture,in East Asian(China,Japan and South Korea)societies,family policies that are unable to address women's family-work balance and have little effect on fertility.The family birth policy in Russia has raised the level of fertility to a certain extent.On the contrary,Germany s policy on supporting female employment is not strong enough,and the fertility rate is still relatively low.Finally,through comparative perspective,it puts forward that we should optimize policy top-level design,construct fertility support system,guarantee female employment equity,release the vitality of family fertility,promote people s livelihood and reduce direct dependence cost.

关 键 词：生育支持 生育率转变 家庭生育政策 

分 类 号：R169[医药卫生—公共卫生与预防医学]