3-4世纪鄯善王国财产权法初探——以土地产权为重点  

A Preliminary Study on Property Rights Law of Shanshan Kingdom from the 3rd to 4th Century:Focus on Property Rights of Land

作　　者：张文晶[1] 李天石 Zhang Wenjing;Li Tianshi

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学,南京210024 [2]首都师范大学历史学院,北京100048

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2021年第6期52-62,共11页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“西域出土中古法律文献比较研究”(批准号:13AZS020);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“唐宋民事法律与罗马法比较研究”(批准号:16YJ820049)阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：本文利用尼雅遗址出土的佉卢文资料,对3—4世纪鄯善王国的财产权法特别是土地产权法问题进行较系统地研究。通过对相关案例的分析可以看出,鄯善王国形成了明确而具体的财产权法,对诸如皇廷、公共及私人土地财产、盗窃他人财产、债务偿还、难民财产保护、战前债务处理等都做出了清晰明确的法律规定。国王不仅是国家所有土地名义上的主人,而且有权将土地、房屋、牲畜等财产作为礼物赏赐给臣下。公共或集体土地所有权、个人土地私有权,皆受到国家法律保护。无理强占他人土地,包括破坏他人土地上的财产,如砍伐他人土地上的树木,亦为违法,需承担民事赔偿责任。合法的私有土地买卖交易,国家给予法律保护。对于战争前的债务,一般不再追究。而对于外国难民的财产,则给予必要的法律保护。从保护土地私有产权这个角度来看,鄯善王国法律与中原法及罗马法并无大的差异。如果从佉卢文书土地买卖契约中对所有权、占有权、使用权、处置权等细节的规定及鄯善王国土地使用的具体情况来看,其土地私有化的程度,可能较之同时期汉晋中原地区更强一些。这是其经济上的特点之一。Using the KharosthīDocuments unearthed in Niya Ruins,this paper makes a relatively systematic study on the property rights law,especially the land property rights law,of Shanshan Kingdom in the 3rd-4th century.Through the analysis of relevant cases,it can be seen that Shanshan Kingdom had formed a clear and specific property rights law.There are clear legal provisions on such matters as land property owned by royalty,collectives and individuals,theft of other people’s property,debt repayment,protection of refugee property,and disposal of pre-war debts.The king was not only the nominal owner of all the land in the country,but also had the right to give the land,houses,livestock and other property as gifts to his subjects.Public or collective ownership of land and private ownership of individual land were protected by national laws.It was also illegal to seize other people’s land unreasonably,including destroying the property on other people’s land,such as cutting down trees,and should undertake the civil liability.The state protected legal private land transactions.The debts incurred before the war were generally not pursued.But the property of foreign refugees was given necessary legal protection.From the perspective of protecting the private land property rights,the laws of Shanshan Kingdom have no great difference from the Central Plains Law and the Roman Law.If we look at the details of ownership,possession,use right and disposal right in the land sale contract of KharosthīDocuments and the specific situation of land use,the degree of land privatization in Shanshan Kingdom may be stronger than that in the Central Plains of Han Dynasty and Jin Dynasty at the same time.This is one of its economic characteristics.

关 键 词：鄯善王国 财产权 土地产权 比较研究 

分 类 号：F301.2[经济管理—产业经济] D929[政治法律—法学]