清代万里茶道述论  

Study on the Sino-Russian Tea Road in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：张舒[1] Zhang Shu

机构地区：[1]山西省社会科学院黄河文化研究中心,太原030032

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2021年第6期63-75,共13页Researches in Chinese Economic History

摘　　要：万里茶道是继丝绸之路后,清代兴起的一条从中国内地到欧洲腹地的万里国际茶叶商道。这条茶道以山西商人为主,其兴起伴随着广阔的市场需求、雄厚的资本和高额利润。入清后,随着中俄《恰克图界约》的签订,中俄通商由恰克图边境贸易,逐渐发展到深入俄境。在中俄贸易活动中,山西商人以市场为主导,实施产购运销一条龙,以质量为前提打造商品品牌,金融机构票号与经营机构茶庄相结合,商业竞争中重视地方习俗以取得先机、以人力股调动员工积极性的激励机制,将万里茶道的贸易推向繁荣。但是随着清朝国运衰落和俄国通过不平等条约在经营活动中挤压华商,万里茶道最终走向了衰落。尽管如此,清代万里茶道在连接欧亚大陆人文交流、推动中俄蒙经济发展和促进城镇兴起的历史,仍有着重要的现实意义。After the Silk Road,the long road transporting tea northward established an international commercial channel from China to Russia in Qing Dynasty.Most of the merchants who worked on the road were from Shanxi,China.The rising tea business then was stimulated by the increased market demands,its high profitability,as well as strong capital support from the merchants.With the signing of the treaty of Kyakhta in early Qing Dynasty,the trade between China and Russia gradually developed from the boarder of Kyajhta into inland Russia cities.It formed the tea trade route from China's Mainland to the hinterland of Europe.With the growth of tea trading,merchants from Shanxi developed effective business models based on market needs.The strategies included:to integrate well tea production,purchasing,transportation and sales to establish high quality brands;to conduct retails with bank business(initial form of bank,Piao Hao)side by side;to encourage employee’s loyalty by setting up employee shares.In so doing the tea business along the tea road became very prosperous.But with the decline of the Qing Dynasty,tea businesses were suppressed through unequal treaties between China and Russia and it finally faded.Nevertheless,to transport tea from China to Russia still had important practical significance in connecting the cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia,promoting the economic development of China Russia and Mongolia,also it contributed to the development in rural to urban areas along the long tea road corridor.

关 键 词：清代 万里茶道 《恰克图界约》 山西商人 

分 类 号：F752.9[经济管理—国际贸易] K249[经济管理—产业经济]