中国牧草育种中的若干科学问题  

Some scientific issues of forage breeding in China

作　　者：刘志鹏[1] 周强[1] 刘文献[1] 张吉宇[1] 谢文刚[1] 方龙发 王彦荣[1] 南志标[1] LIU Zhi-peng;ZHOU Qiang;LIU Wen-xian;ZHANG Ji-yu;XIE Wen-gang;FANG Long-fa;WANG Yan-rong;NAN Zhi-biao(College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730020,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学草地农业科技学院,兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州730020

出　　处：《草业学报》2021年第12期184-193,共10页Acta Prataculturae Sinica

基　　金：中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA26030103);甘肃省重大专项(19ZD2NA002);国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(31722055)资助。

摘　　要：高产、优质、多抗牧草新品种是我国畜牧业生产的基石,也是我国退化草地补播改良的物质基础,影响国家的食品安全和生态安全。我国牧草育种工作进展缓慢、国际依存度高,已成为农业领域的“卡脖子”问题。近十年,在组学技术和生物技术等的推动下,牧草育种进入快速发展时期,但与主要农作物相比仍有很大差距。本研究综述了未来我国牧草育种发展的3个关键瓶颈:1)种质资源大规模收集、高精细评价与充分利用,包括构建高饱和度突变体库、各类遗传群体等;2)牧草高效再生、遗传转化和基因编辑体系的建立与优化;3)牧草基因组高精度组装与利用,包括基因芯片、全基因组选择等。依据学科前沿和国家需求,笔者展望了今后5~10年我国牧草育种应重点关注的10个科学问题:乡土草资源挖掘与利用、落粒与休眠、雄性不育、倍性育种、生物互作、节水耐旱、从头驯化、营养优质、表型自动化检测、快速育种等,以期为今后的牧草育种相关研究提供参考。这些科学问题的解决,有助于我国尽早培育出一批有自主知识产权的、市场竞争力强的牧草新品种,攻克农业领域的“卡脖子”问题,保障国家的食物安全和生态安全。New varieties of high yielding,high-quality and multi-resistance forages are the cornerstone of animal husbandry production in China,and also the material basis for reseeding and improving degraded grassland in China,both of which affect the food security and ecological security of the country.Slow progress of forage breeding in China and a high international dependence have emerged as a“bottleneck”restricting progress in the field of agriculture.In the last decade,forage breeding has entered a period of rapid development driven by histological techniques and biotechnology,but there is still a progress gap compared with major crops.This paper summarizes three key bottlenecks in the future development of forage breeding in China:1)Large-scale collection,highly refined evaluation and full utilization of germplasm resources,including the construction of high-saturation mutant libraries,various genetic populations,and similar resources;2)Establishment and optimization of efficient regeneration,genetic transformation and gene editing systems for forage grasses;3)High-precision assembly and utilization of forage genomes,including gene chips,whole genome selection,and following developments in this field as they emerge.Considering current knowledge frontiers in the discipline and national needs,the authors suggest ten scientific emphases should be developed in forage breeding in China within the next 5-10 years:collection and utilization of native plant resources,threshing and dormancy,male sterility,ploidy breeding,biological interaction,water and drought conservation,domestication from scratch,nutritional quality,automated phenotype detection and rapid breeding,in order to provide a capability platform for future research related to forage breeding.Achievement of these scientific goals will help China to develop a number of new forage grass varieties with independent intellectual property rights and strong market competitiveness in a comparatively short time frame,so as to eliminate the“bottleneck”problem in t

关 键 词：牧草 种质资源 基因资源 育种 分子育种 科学问题 

分 类 号：S54[农业科学—作物学]