信托受益权的强制执行与规避可能性  

The Beneficiary Creditors'Enforcement of the Beneficiary's Interest and the Possibility of Avoidance

作　　者：岳卫[1] Yue Wei

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2021年第6期101-116,共16页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：信托受益权是与信托财产独立性无关的财产权,故可成为信托受益人的债权人的执行对象财产。然而,传统上委托人之所以利用信托制度将财产权交由受托人管理或处分,其目的在于维护受益人的利益,故受益人与其债权人之间的利益衡量是信托法立法论与解释论无法回避的问题。英美法通过承认反挥霍信托、保护信托及裁量信托等信托文件约定的效力,对受益人的债权人强制执行信托受益权予以了限制。由于在法律无明文规定的情形下,契约当事人之间的约定无法对抗第三人基于国家公权力的强制执行,因此中国法下该类制度的效力无法得到认可。但解释论上,可以通过约定使得信托受益权成为性质上禁止转让债权,以及通过行使受益人变更权等方式使得信托受益权不受债权人的追索。当然,两者的要件需要严格界定,以避免成为规避债权人强制执行的脱法工具。The beneficiary's interest of the trust is the property right irrelevant to the independence of the trust property,thus can be subject to the enforcement of the creditors of the trust beneficiary.However,traditionally,the reason why the settlor employs the trust to entrust the property rights to the trustee for management or disposal is to protect the beneficiary's interest.Therefore,the balance between the interest of the beneficiary and their creditors cannot be neglected in both the trust legislation and legal interpretation.Anglo-American law imposes the limitation on the beneficiary creditors’enforcement of the beneficiary’s interest by validating the spendthrift trust,protective trust and discretionary trust as agreed in the trust instrument.As there is no express provision in Chinese law,the agreement between the parties cannot prevail over the state enforcement requested by the third party,so the validity of the above trusts under Chinese law is not recognized.However,in terms of the legal interpretation,the beneficiary's interest can be prohibited from being transferred or assigned by agreement,and the beneficiary's interest can also be safe from the creditor through the exercise of the settlor's right to change the beneficiary.Admittedly,in case it becomes a tool for circumventing the enforcement of beneficiary creditor,the conditions on both agreement and the settlor's right to change the beneficiary shall be strictly defined.

关 键 词：信托受益权 强制执行 信托财产独立性 受益人变更权 性质上禁止转让债权 

分 类 号：D922.282[政治法律—经济法学]