儒、贾之间:明代商人的职业选择及价值理念  

Between Confucianism and Commercialism:Merchants’Career Choice and Their Value Principals in Ming China

作　　者：常文相 CHANG Wen-xiang(Institute of Historical Theories,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院历史理论研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2021年第6期42-51,共10页Qilu Journal

基　　金：中国社会科学院研究所创新工程研究类重大项目“中国历史上国家治理的思想体系研究”(2019ZDGH013);中国博士后科学基金面上资助项目“明代商人财富观念研究”(2018M641590)。

摘　　要：明代商人多因生计艰难或科举不利而服贾养家,他们大都能从满足日常生活需要出发,较理性考量、对待儒、贾关系,发扬了经商致富以兴家立业的正当价值。尽管部分商人心里仍显示出儒、贾择业的一些内在紧张,然在勉为"廉贾""良贾"的激励下,不仅合理获取财富作为实现人生理想物质基础的取向被他们逐渐认可接受,而且他们还常常发挥自身优势做出切实社会贡献,并因此受到世人称赞与尊重。此外,源于对传统儒家文化伦理的深度认同,又有不少商人试图在实践层面打开儒、贾之间的通路,并为家族长远发展计虑,务使一门之内儒、贾相资互济,兼得并举。以上情状,在反映当时民间保持资财与传承诗书二者呈现越来越明显共生性征的同时,也展示出明代中国商品经济同既有帝制体系并行共荣的独特历史经验。Most of the businessmen in the Ming Dynasty chose to do business because of difficult livelihoods or unsatisfactory imperial examinations.They met the needs of daily life while correctly viewed the value of doing business to become rich in order to raise the family.Although some of them still had psychological conflicts,the concept of reasonable acquisition of wealth as the material basis for realizing their ideals of life had gradually been recognized by society.They could often use its advantages to make contributions to the family and the place,and were increasingly praised and respected by the people.At the same time,many businessmen in the Ming Dynasty tried to bridge the gap between Confucianism and business,complemented the two occupations with the consideration of long-term development of the family.In the merchant family at that time,maintaining the wealth and inheriting the Confucianism showed increasingly symbiotic characteristics.

关 键 词：明代商人 儒商 择业观念 以贾代耕 贾名儒行 儒贾兼济 

分 类 号：K203[历史地理—历史学] K248[历史地理—中国史]