我国机构设置中“实际需要”原则的构成要件——以突发事件应急指挥机构的设置条款为中心  

The Constituents of“Actual Needs Principle”in Institutional Settings of China——Focus on the Establishment Clauses of Emergency Command Agencies

作　　者：董明非 DONG Ming-fei(KoGuan School of Law,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200030)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院,上海200030

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2021年第6期166-176,共11页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

摘　　要：依照我国相关法律的规定,政府设立突发事件应急指挥机构应遵循"实际需要"原则。对于"实际需要"这一不确定法律概念,可以通过文义解释、体系解释、目的解释等法律解释的方法将其具体化为:突发事件中行政应对的需要,突发事件中权益保护的需要,以及突发事件中安全保护的需要。"实际需要"原则的前述具体内容,可以类型化为事实要件、行为要件和目的要件。本次疫情期间各地设立突发事件应急指挥机构的制度实践亦较好地体现了上述要件。基于"以事务定职责、以职责定机构"的要件逻辑,还可以从上述类型化思路中推导出"实际需要"原则在事实类型的新发性与成熟度、行政职责的整体性以及机构设置的行政目的等一般意义,从而基本明确了我国组织法上机构设置"需要"原则的构成内容。According to the relevant laws and regulations of our country,the government should follow the principle of"actual needs"when setting up emergency command agencies.For the uncertain legal concept of"actual needs",it can be concretized into:the need for administrative response in emergencies,the need to protect rights and interests in emergencies,and the need to protect safety in emergencies.The aforementioned specific contents of the"actual needs"principle can be typed into fact,behavior,and purpose elements.The establishment of emergency command agencies in various places during the epidemic has also reflected the above-mentioned elements.Based on the logic of"affair-responsibility-institution",it is also possible to deduce the general meanings of the"actual needs"principle from the above-mentioned typological thinking,including the freshness and maturity of the type of facts,the integrity of administrative responsibilities,and the administrative purpose of the establishment of institutions,which basically clarifies the content of the"needs"principle in the establishment of institutions in our country’s organizational law.

关 键 词：突发事件应对 机构设置 实际需要 不确定法律概念 行政组织法 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D63[政治法律—法学]