西藏历史上天花的传播情况及种痘免疫法考察  

On the Spread of Smallpox and Inoculation in Tibetan History

作　　者：石硕[1] 姚婧媛 SHI Shuo;YAO Jing-yuan(China Institute of Tibetan Studies,Sichuan University,Chengdu,610065)

机构地区：[1]四川大学中国藏学研究所,四川成都610065

出　　处：《西藏大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第4期53-60,共8页Journal of Tibet University

基　　金：“四川大学铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地”专项研究项目资助。

摘　　要：关于天花最早的藏文记载可以追溯至敦煌古藏文文献中的《大事纪年》及《于阗教法史》。公元17至18世纪,天花在西藏广泛传播,以达赖喇嘛及班禅大师等为首之高僧的传记中多有关于天花疫情爆发的记载。藏族传统医方典籍《四部医典》《蓝琉璃》中已出现对天花患者的治疗方法,但并没有涉及种痘免疫法。至迟于18世纪上半叶,发源自汉地的人痘接种术传播到了藏地,以司徒班钦、第三世松巴活佛、第二世嘉木样活佛,以及第四世敏珠尔活佛等为代表的高僧不仅亲身推动了人痘接种术在藏地的实践,还将这种方法汇编入藏文医方文献之中。The earliest Tibetan records of smallpox can be found in I.O.750 and P.T.960 of Dunhuang documents.In the 17th and 18th centuries,smallpox was widely spread in Tibet.In the biographies of eminent monks in Tibet,including Dalai Lamas'and Panchen Lamas',there are many records of the outbreak of smallpox.The traditional Tibetan medical texts such as Bgyud bzhi and Baiḍurya sngon po have recorded the treatments for smallpox patients,but there is nothing about smallpox inoculation.In the first half of the 18th century,smallpox inoculation,which originated from the Han people,was introduced into the Tibetan areas.Great Tibetan monks and scholars such as Si tu paṇchen,Sum pa mkhan po,'Jam dbyangs bzhad pa,and Smin grol no min han not only promoted the practice of smallpox inoculation technique in the Tibetan areas but also compiled the method into Tibetan medical literature.

关 键 词：西藏天花疫情 人痘接种术 鼻苗法 司徒班钦 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]