糖脂类生物表面活性剂在石油工业中的应用  

Application of glycolipid biosurfactants in petroleum industry

作　　者：侯军刚[1] 杨剑[1] 史小亮[1] 李国营[1] HOU Jungang;YANG Jian;SHI Xiaoliang;LI Guoying(Oil Production Plant 1 of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company,Yan′an 716000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国石油长庆油田分公司第一采油厂,陕西延安716000

出　　处：《生物加工过程》2021年第6期597-603,共7页Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering

基　　金：陕西省重点科技创新团队计划(2016KCT-12);南梁延10层微生物驱油技术研究项目(JF-19-141)。

摘　　要：目前我国石油工业面临两大问题:一是石油烃污染日益严重,二是原油采收率较低。糖脂类生物表面活性剂因其环境相容性好、生物降解性高、毒性低、选择性高、稳定性高以及自身两亲性等特点被广泛应用于石油工业。本文重点分析了以鼠李糖脂、海藻糖脂和槐糖脂为代表的糖脂类生物表面活性剂的微生物菌种来源,多为酵母或者细菌。这3种表面活性剂不仅具有化学表面活性剂的同等特性,而且不产生任何的二次污染。在微生物修复石油污染处理中添加糖脂类生物表面活性剂,可以降低介质表面张力,提高生物利用度,从而提高石油烃的降解率。在提高原油采收率方面,生物表面活性剂可以有效降低界面张力,改变岩石表面润湿性,因此提高了驱油效率。最后,本文也探讨了糖脂类生物表面活性剂在石油工业应用中存在的问题和解决的方法,以期为该物质的良好应用提供合理化的意见和建议。Petroleum industry is currently facing two major problems.One is the increasingly serious pollution of petroleum hydrocarbons,and the other is the low oil recovery.Glycolipid biosurfactants are widely used in petroleum industry due to their environmental compatibility,high biodegradability,low toxicity,high selectivity,high stability,and amphiphilic properties.This paper focuses on the analysis of the microbial sources of glycolipid biosurfactants,such as rhamnolipids,trehalose lipids and sophorolipids,most of that are yeast or bacteria.These three biosurfactants not only have the same characteristics of chemical surfactants,but also do not produce any secondary pollution.Under the premise of reducing the surface tension of media and improving the bioavailability,adding glycolipid biosurfactants in microbial remediation of petroleum pollution can improve the degradation rate of petroleum hydrocarbon.In the aspect of improving oil recovery,biosurfactants can effectively reduce the interfacial tension and change the wettability of the rock surface,thus improving the oil displacement efficiency.Finally,the approach to problems in the application of glycolipid biosurfactants in petroleum industry is discussed,in order to provide reasonable opinions and suggestions for the applications of the substance.

关 键 词：生物表面活性剂 糖脂 石油烃 生物修复 原油采收率 

分 类 号：TQ423[化学工程]