保水剂主要特性及对土壤和作物影响的研究进展  

Research Progress on Main Characteristics of Super Absorbent Polymers and its Effects on Soil and Crops

作　　者：王荣莲 莫彦 王富贵 高世华 任志宏 WANG Rong-lian;MO Yan;WANG Fu-gui;GAO Shi-hua;REN Zhi-hong(Vocational and Technical College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Baotou 014109,Inner Mongolia,China;Department of Irrigation and Drainage,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100048,China;Institute of Irrigation Technology,Inner Mongolia Institute of Water Resources Research,Huhhot 010051,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院,内蒙古包头014109 [2]中国水利水电科学研究院水利研究所,北京100048 [3]内蒙古自治区水利科学研究院,呼和浩特010051

出　　处：《节水灌溉》2021年第12期75-80,共6页Water Saving Irrigation

基　　金：内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目“地下滴灌条件下利用保水剂促进玉米出苗的关键技术研究”(2019MS05034)。

摘　　要：保水剂是一种吸水及保水能力很强的高分子聚合物,在农业中应用可保持、提高土壤水分和养分的有效性,降低土壤蒸发,减少水的渗透以及肥料和重金属在土壤剖面上的淋溶,减少农药残留,提高土壤微生物活性,增加土壤颗粒团聚性,改良土壤结构,还可降低作物对土壤盐分的敏感性,提高作物抗旱、抗盐碱能力及水肥利用率,进而促进作物生长,提高产量,尤其对水、肥条件较差地区应用效果更加明显,效益显著,在农业中应用日趋广泛。由于SAP类型多,性能差异较大,其对土壤和作物的影响与SAP原材料、粒径、溶胀介质的pH值、浸泡时间、介质浓度、温度、电荷数和离子强度、施用方法、施用量及土壤含水量等多种因素有关,且各因素间存在交互作用,规律较复杂,研究成果差异较大。围绕SAP主要类型、吸水、释水性能、SAP对土壤及作物的影响方面展开论述,分析总结了SAP吸释水机理、影响吸释水的主要因素及影响规律、SAP对土壤物理性状及水力性能的影响规律、SAP对作物出苗和产量的影响效应及机理,并根据目前存在的主要问题,提出今后重点研究方向,以期为SAP更好地服务农业生产提供参考。Super absorbent polymers(SAP for short)is a kind of water absorption and water retention ability of high polymer.SAP is widely used in agriculture.This is mainly due to the fact that SAP can maintain and improve the availability of soil moisture and nutrients,reduce soil evaporation,reduce water infiltration,and leachate of fertilizers and heavy metals on the soil profile.At the same time,SAP can also reduce pesticide residues,improve soil microbial activity,increase soil particle agglomeration,improve soil structure.In addition,it can reduce the sensitivity of crops to soil salt,improve the ability of drought resistance,saline-alkali resistance and water and fertilizer utilization.Therefore,it can promote crop growth and increase yield,especially in areas with poor water and fertilizer conditions,where the application effect is more obvious and the benefit is significant.The performance of different types of SAP varies greatly.Its influence on soil and crops is related to many factors,such as raw materials,particle size,pH value of swelling medium,soaking time,medium concentration,temperature,charge number and ionic strength,application method,application amount and soil water content.And there is interaction among the factors.The law is complex and the research results are quite different.This paper mainly discussed the main types of water retaining agent,their water absorption and release performance,and the influence of water retaining agent on soil and crops.At the same time,the water absorption and release mechanism of sap,the main factors affecting water absorption and release,the effect of SAP on soil physical properties and hydraulic properties,and the effect and mechanism of SAP on crop emergence and yield were analyzed.According to the existing main problems,the future research direction was put forward in order to provide reference for SAP to better serve agricultural production.

关 键 词：保水剂 作物抗旱 作物抗盐碱 保水剂特性 水分利用效率 土壤物理性状 土壤水力性能 保水 释水 

分 类 号：S157.2[农业科学—土壤学] S27[农业科学—农业基础科学]