海上封锁国际法中的利益平衡:传统、当代与挑战  

Balance of Interests in International Law on Naval Blockade:Tradition,Contemporary Practice and Challenges

作　　者：朱利江[1] ZHU Li-jiang(College of International Law,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing,100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2021年第6期81-90,共10页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队资助项目“国际法话语的形成及中国方案研究”(19CXTD09);国家社科基金重大研究专项“基于中国立场的海洋争端解决机制实证研究”(19VHQ008)。

摘　　要：海上封锁是武装冲突中海军采用的作战方法之一,可以协助登陆作战、包围敌方武装力量、切断敌方物资供应,甚至具有不战而屈人之兵的效果。海上封锁国际法因为缺乏充分的条约编纂而具有模糊性强的弱点,运用利益平衡理论分析海上封锁国际法则有助于克服上述弱点带来的理解困惑。关于海上封锁的传统国际法只关注封锁方与中立国之间的利益平衡,当代国际法则进一步关注封锁方与被封锁地区平民之间的利益平衡。因此,封锁方不仅需要尊重中立国的利益,而且还需要尊重被封锁地区平民的人道利益,使得封锁方所面对的利益平衡要求更加多元,这无疑增加了封锁方的义务。当前,海上封锁国际法又进一步面临新武器飞速发展、非国际性武装冲突频繁发生、国际海洋法日益复杂、自然环境保护要求不断增长等诸多新利益的挑战,需要作出新的平衡。国际专家组应当利用《圣雷莫手册》更新的机会进一步发展和补充海上封锁的相关规范,肯定海上封锁国际法的存在价值,明确海上封锁国际法对非国际性武装冲突的适用路径,澄清封锁方的国际海洋法义务,并增加封锁方尊重和保护海洋自然环境的义务。Naval blockade is a tactic used by navies in armed conflicts.It can assist in landing operations,surround the enemy,cut off supplies,and even subdue the enemy without fighting.The international law on naval blockade is quite vague due to insufficient treaties available.Analyzing the international law on naval blockade with the interest balance theory helps remove confusion in this regard.Traditional international law on naval blockade focuses only on the balance of interests between the blockader and neutral states,while contemporary international law goes further to take into consideration the balance of interests between the blockader and the civilian population of the blockaded area.Therefore,the blockader needs to respect not only the interests of neutral states,but also the humanitarian interests of civilians in the blockaded areas.This requires the blockader to take into account a wider range of factors when it comes to interest balance,which undoubtedly increases obligations of the blockaders.Currently,the international law of naval blockade is faced with many challenges,such as the rapid development of new weapons,frequent non-international armed conflicts,increasingly complex international law of the sea,and the increasing requirements for the protection of natural environment.All these challenges call for a new balance.The international panel should formulate and supplement relevant specifications when updating San Remo Manual,acknowledge the value of the international law on naval blockade,clarify the application of the international law on naval blockade to non-international armed conflicts and the obligations of the blockader in terms of the international law of the sea,and increase the obligations of the blockader to respect and protect natural marine environment.

关 键 词：海上封锁 武装冲突法 利益平衡 交战承认 圣雷莫手册 战时中立 

分 类 号：D995[政治法律—国际法学]