论国际人权条约中的国家间来文  

On Inter-State Communication in International Human Rights Treaties

作　　者：戴瑞君[1] Dai Ruijun

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所

出　　处：《国际法研究》2021年第6期35-53,共19页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：国家间来文是国际人权法的一项重要监督机制,广泛规定在联合国和区域人权条约中。综观各项人权条约中的国家间来文程序,它们具有强制性或任择性、法律性或政治性、对应性与非对应性、公益性与自利性等特征。与国际人权法其他监督机制相比,国家间来文在程序的便利性、适用对象的广泛性、发起程序的规范性方面具有独特优势。但是鉴于该程序难以克服的政治化倾向,各国出于维护国家主权和国际关系等因素的考量,很少启用这一程序。2018年联合国消除种族歧视委员会迎来了联合国层面的首批国家间来文,该程序的启动主体、适用事由、受理条件等制度要素首次经历了实践检验。其中巴勒斯坦国针对以色列的来文引发的国际人权法对世性与国家同意原则之争,预示着需要更加规范地利用国家间来文程序。Inter-state communication is an important monitoring mechanism of international human rights law.It is widely stipulated in the global and regional human rights conventions.Generally speaking,inter-state communications are procedures with the characteristics of mandatory or optional,legal or political,reciprocal and non-reciprocal,public beneficial and self-interest.Compared with other monitoring procedures under international human rights law,inter-state communication has its unique advantages and values in terms of procedural convenience,breadth of applicable situation and normative nature of allegation.However,in view of the insurmountable politicization of the procedure,due to the consideration of state sovereignty and maintenance of international relations,this procedure has rarely been used.In 2018,the United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination received the first three inter-state communications.The institutional elements of the procedure on UN level,such as the subject,the applicable cause and the admissibility condition,have experienced the practical test for the first time.The divergence on the priority between erga omnes nature of international human rights law and the principle of state consent triggered by the communication State of Palestine v.Israel calls for more standardized usage of inter-state communications.

关 键 词：国家间来文 国际人权机制 条约机构 种族歧视 对世义务 

分 类 号：D998.2[政治法律—国际法学]