新型鱼道过渡段水力模拟及体型优化研究  

Hydraulic modeling and shape optimization of a new pattern fishway transition section

作　　者：刘明潇[1] 刘震 范聪喆 孙东坡[1] 王鹏涛[1] LIU Mingxiao;LIU Zhen;FAN Congzhe;SUN Dongpo;WANG Pengtao(Hydraulics and River Institute,North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power,Zhengzhou 450046,China)

机构地区：[1]华北水利水电大学水力学及河流研究所,河南郑州450046

出　　处：《武汉大学学报（工学版）》2021年第11期991-998,共8页Engineering Journal of Wuhan University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(编号:51909093,41930643)。

摘　　要：以某大型水利枢纽生态鱼道过渡段为研究对象,采用了溢流堰和底孔相结合布置的新型鱼道形式,利用潜堰过流和底孔出流的特点与优势,较好地解决了大落差、短距离明渠水流平顺衔接问题。借助物理模型试验,研究了原设计方案鱼道过渡段水流特性及存在问题,抓住"过鱼流速"与"水面连续过渡"这2个关键问题,提出"顶部过流、底部过鱼"的新理念。根据过鱼丰满度设计底孔尺寸,通过水力计算分配上下过流流量,进行孔堰型潜堰与加糙设计;开展系列水力学试验分析了孔堰结合型鱼道的水力特性与潜堰体型,对鱼道体型优化进行了研究。结果表明:孔堰结合体型过渡段水流流态良好,能够确保上游窄深矩形和下游宽浅梯形断面水流的平顺衔接;优化后的潜堰孔口分流占总流的15.7%左右,堰顶水头大大减小,各级潜堰堰顶流速基本保持在1.5~1.9 m/s,底孔流速为0.7~1.3 m/s,加糙块提供鱼类休憩掩体,很好地满足了"潜堰平顺溢流,底孔安全过鱼"的鱼道水力设计要求,为生态鱼道过渡段设计提供了新思路。Taking the transition section of an ecological fishway in a large water conservancy project as the research object, a new type fishway planned with the integration of overflow weirs and bottom outlets was adopted to solve the problem of smooth flow connection of large drop and short distance open channel by taking advantage of the characteristics and advantages of submerged weir flow and bottom hole flow. By means of physical model test, the paper firstly studied on the water flow characteristics of the fishway transition section and the existing problems in the original design scheme.Focusing on the two key technologies,the flow velocity required by fish to pass through and the continuous transition of the water surface,a new idea of the top overflow and the bottom for fish passing through was proposed creatively. The size of bottom orifice was designed according to fish fullness, and the flow discharges of the upper and lower cross-sections were distributed by hydraulic calculation, based on which the submerged weir of weir-orifice type and artificial roughening were designed.A series of hydraulic tests were conducted to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the fishway of weir-orifice type and the influences by the shape of the submerged weir, and the shape optimization of the fishway was then researched.The test results show that the flow regime of the transition section integrated shape of orifice and weir is good, which can ensure the smooth connection between the upstream narrow deep rectangular section and the downstream wide shallow trapezoidal section. The orifices divergence of the optimized submerged weir accounts for 15.7% of the total flow,and the weir water heads are reduced largely.The flow velocities of the submerged weirs of various levels are basically maintained at 1.5~1.9 m/s while the velocities in bottom orifice range in 0.7 m/s and 1.3 m/s. The rough blocks provide shelters for fish resting,which satisfies hydraulic design requirements of“the submerged weir for smooth overflowing,

关 键 词：生态鱼道 过渡段 水力模拟 孔堰结合 流速分布 加糙 

分 类 号：S956.3[农业科学—水产养殖]