宾兴组织与清中后期湖南科举人才之盛  

Binxing Organization and the Prosperity of Hunan Imperial Examination Talents in the Middle and Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：曾桂林[1] ZENG Guilin(School of History and Culture, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China)

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学历史文化学院,湖南长沙410081

出　　处：《中州大学学报》2021年第6期69-74,共6页Journal of Zhongzhou University

基　　金：2017年度湖南省教育厅创新平台开放基金项目“慈善公益视阈下的清至民国时期湖南宾兴研究”(17K063)。

摘　　要：有清一代,湖南宾兴组织大致经历了发轫、勃兴及盛极而衰三个阶段。清前期,湖南宾兴数量甚少。清中后期,各府州县宾兴呈现勃兴之势,并在嘉道、咸同年间出现两个高峰期,尔后渐趋衰退。这些宾兴组织或代付卷资,或资助乡试、会试旅费,减轻了士人的经济负担,赴考人数增多,最终促成了清中后期湖南科举人才的崛起。通过统计各府州的举人、进士数量,可以看出各地科举人才与宾兴组织颇有关系,这表明宾兴对科举人才培育亦有贡献,是清中后期湖南科举人才兴盛的主要因素之一。In the Qing Dynasty,Hunan Binxing organization roughly experienced three development stages:initiation,vigorous growth and prosperity.In the early Qing Dynasty,the number of Binxing in Hunan was very small.In the middle and late Qing Dynasty,due to such factors as the division of Huguang provincial examination and the amount of donations,Binxing in prefectures and counties was booming,and there were two peaks.Meanwhile,it also declined due to the war and the reform of the imperial examination.Binxing organizations either paid for examination papers,or subsidized the travel expenses of the provincial examination and the metropolitan examination,which alleviated the scholars’economic burden.Therefore,the number of people attending the examination increased,which finally contributed to the rise of Hunan imperial examination talents in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.By counting the number of Juren and Jinshi in each prefecture,it can be seen that imperial examination talents in each region is closely related to local Binxing organizations,which shows that Binxing also contributed to the cultivation of imperial examination talents,and it is also one of the main factors for the prosperity of Hunan imperial examination talents in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：清代 湖南 宾兴组织 科举制 人才分布 

分 类 号：D691.46[政治法律—政治学] G529[政治法律—中外政治制度]