马尼拉大帆船贸易垄断体制的建立及评价  

An Evaluation of the Establishment of the Manila Galleon Trade Monopoly

作　　者：韩琦[1,2] 张昀辰 Han Qi;Zhang Yunchen

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心 [2]南开大学拉美研究中心

出　　处：《国际汉学》2021年第4期28-43,198,199,共18页International Sinology

基　　金：国家社科基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项重大项目“‘太平洋丝绸之路’档案文献整理与研究”(项目号:LSYZ021017)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：马尼拉大帆船贸易是菲律宾殖民当局的生命线。1565年菲律宾与新西班牙的贸易航线开通之后,一度沟通了中国经过菲律宾与美洲的自由贸易。但是由于这种贸易冲击了宗主国西班牙原先在美洲的贸易,且导致美洲白银流向亚洲,同时又不利于菲律宾当地工农业的发展,因此,从1593年开始,西班牙便颁布了一系列法令,除了对与中国的贸易做出种种规定之外,还从航行的次数、载重量、价值额、关税数额等方面对大帆船贸易进行限制,实行特许经营权制度、许可额制度、整批交易制度、货票制度、关税制度等,这样,便逐渐形成了一整套贸易垄断体制。垄断贸易在短期内维持了殖民地内部的贸易平衡,但从长期看,不利于菲律宾经济的发展,它带来的种种弊端,加上其他西方国家的挑战,最终导致大帆船贸易的终结。The Manila Galleon Trade was the lifeline of the Philippine colonial authorities.After the opening of the trade route between the Philippines and New Spain in 1565,the free trade between China and the Americas through the Philippines was initiated.However,this trade impacted the Spanish original trade in the Americas and caused American silver to flow to Asia,which was not conducive to the development of local industry and agriculture in the Philippines.Therefore,starting in 1593,the Spanish Crown issued a series of decrees.Besides various regulations on trade with China,restrictions were imposed on the number of voyages,the load capacity,the values,the amount of tariffs,and other aspects of the galleon trade.The franchise system,the permiso system,the pancada system,the boleta system,and the tariff system were implemented,leading to the formation of a complete trade monopoly.This system maintained the trade balance among the colonies in the short term,but in the long run,it was detrimental to the economic development of the Philippines.The various drawbacks it brought,combined with the challenges from other Western countries,eventually led to the end of the galleon trade.

关 键 词：马尼拉大帆船贸易 贸易垄断体制 太平洋丝绸之路 菲律宾群岛 西班牙 新西班牙 

分 类 号：K341.3[历史地理—历史学]