论刑事一体化视角的危险驾驶罪  

On the Crime of Dangerous Driving from the Perspective of Criminal Integration

作　　者：周光权 ZHOU Guangquan

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《政治与法律》2022年第1期14-30,共17页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：近十年来,危险驾驶罪逐步成为我国刑法体系中发案数位列第一的罪名。但是,每年将30万左右的人贴上罪犯标签并使之承担过重的犯罪附随后果,甚至沦为社会的对立面,这无论对于国家、社会还是危险驾驶者个人来说,都是巨大损失,属于司法和个人的“两败俱伤”。基于刑事一体化的理念,有必要对危险驾驶罪进行体系化治理。实务中直接适用“但书”规定得出无罪结论是一种大而化之的做法,存在说理不足、与罪刑法定原则相抵触的“硬伤”。“但书”规定只能在行为缺乏刑事不法,以及虽具备刑事不法但存在免责事由,从而缺乏处罚必要性等事实得以确认之后才能有限适用。为限定本罪的适用范围,在司法上,需要准确理解本罪的客观构成要件要素,尤其要对抽象危险进行必要的司法“印证式”判断,以确定立法者所预设的法益危险是否存在,妥当认定违法阻却事由,准确认定本罪的自首,提高缓刑适用率,将认罪认罚之后的从宽处罚落到实处;在立法政策上,有必要根据犯罪发生的实证数据进行调整,适度提高入罪门槛,将“醉驾型”危险驾驶罪限定为“不能安全驾驶”的情形,同时配套修改公职人员政务处分法,建立轻微犯罪的前科消灭制度,以有效降低犯罪的附随效果;在犯罪的情境预防方面,强制汽车制造商安装车载酒精监测装置是减少犯罪的关键手段。In recent ten years, the crime of dangerous driving has gradually become No. 1 in China’s criminal law system. However, every year, about 300000 people are labeled as criminals and made to bear the excessive consequences of conviction, and thus even stand against the society, which is a huge loss either to the country, the society and individuals who commit the conduct of dangerous driving,i.e. "lose-lose" for both the justice and individuals. Based on the concept of criminal integration, it is necessary to deal with the crime of dangerous driving systematically. In practice, it is a rough practice to directly apply the "proviso" to draw the conclusion of innocence, which has “serious defects” such as insufficient reasoning and being inconsistent with the principle of legality. The "proviso" can be applied in limited way only after that facts such as the conduct lacking criminal illegality or the lacking necessity of punishment due to the existence of excuses in spite of criminal illegality have been confirmed. In order to limit the scope of such crime, in judicial practice, it is necessary to accurately understand its objective constituents, especially to make the essential judicial "confirmatory" determination of the abstract danger, so as to decide whether the danger to legal interest preset by the legislator exists or not, properly identify the justifications, accurately identify the surrender involving this crime, and improve the application rate of suspended sentence, effectuate the lenient punishment after pleading guilty and accepting punishment. In terms of legislative policy, it is necessary to make adjustment according to the empirical data of such crime, appropriately raise the threshold of criminality, limit the crime of dangerous driving under the influence of alcohol to the situation of "being unable to drive safely", and at the same time modify Law on Governmental Discipline for Public Officials and establish a criminal record elimination system for misdemeanors and petite offenses, so as to

关 键 词：危险驾驶罪 司法限制 立法完善 社会政策 体系化思考 

分 类 号：D622[政治法律—政治学]