宗教的起源:东欧平原可移动艺术中动物崇拜的产生  

Origins of Religion:The Creation of Animal Worship in the Movable Arts of the Eastern European Plains

作　　者：А.П.扎比亚科 王俊铮 Andrey P.Zabiyako;Wang Junzheng(Amur State University,Blagoveshchensk Russia)

机构地区：[1]俄罗斯阿穆尔国立大学宗教学与历史教研室

出　　处：《草原文物》2021年第2期104-111,共8页Steppe Cultural Relics

基　　金：俄罗斯基础研究基金(РФФИ)资助项目(项目编号:20-011-00408)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：东欧平原是欧亚早期人类群体定居的重要区域。东欧平原第一批解剖学意义上的现代人活动的年代为距今4万年前,如克罗马农人。对于克罗马农人的区域性群体而言,可以肯定的是,动物形雕塑出现于大约3.4万年前,即旧石器时代晚期的初始段。至奥瑞纳文化(Ориньяк,Aurignac)末期至格拉维特文化(Граветт,Gravettian)初期,移动艺术中的动物形象成为当时人群精神文化中一种典型的现象。在东欧平原的斯皮岑文化遗存、松基里等遗址中,出土了用兽牙等材质制成的垂饰。穿孔兽牙与代表男性社会的狩猎者群体之间存在着明显的联系,被用作巫术用物——护身符。格拉维特文化遗存出土了大量动物形(野牛、猛犸象、狮子头、麝牛、熊等)雕塑标本。动物崇拜、动物信仰、动物形象的创造以及死亡与重生的巫术实践体系中关于动物的观念,都被囊括在欧洲格拉维特文化的精神文化之中。The Eastern European Plain is an important area for the settlement of early human groups in Eurasia.The first anatomically significant modern human activity on the Russian plain is dated 40,000 years ago,such as the very beginning of the Cro-Magnon.For the regional group of Cro-Magnons,animal sculptures appeared about 34,000 years ago,i.e.at the beginning of the Late Paleolithic period.From the end of the Orena culture to the beginning of the Gravettian culture,animal figures in mobile art became a typical phenomenon in the spiritual culture of the population.Pendants made of animal teeth were excavated from the remains of the Spitsen culture,Songiri and other sites on the Russian Great Plains.There is a clear connection between perforated animal teeth and hunter groups representing male society,and they were used as amulets for witchcraft.The remains of the Gravettian culture have unearthed a large number of sculptural specimens in the form of animals.Animal worship,animal beliefs,the creation of animal images,and the idea of animals in the system of witchcraft practices of death and rebirth are encapsulated in the spiritual culture of the European Gravettian culture.

关 键 词：可移动艺术 动物崇拜 东欧平原 旧石器晚期 宗教形态学 

分 类 号：B933[哲学宗教—宗教学] B929