在规范与实力之间--德国对外战略中的灾难外交  

Between Norms and Realpolitik—Disaster Diplomacy in German Foreign Strategy

作　　者：彭枭 PENG Xiao

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院国际问题研究所

出　　处：《欧洲研究》2021年第5期134-154,I0005,共22页Chinese Journal of European Studies

基　　金：上海社会科学院2021年院内招标课题“德国人道主义援助与跨国灾难治理研究”的研究成果。

摘　　要：灾难外交既具价值规范底色,又有实力政治导向。德国是灾难援助与减灾合作大国,随着多类灾难日益威胁人类社会,德国不断加强其灾难外交的力度与规模。作为一种重要的对外战略形式,灾难外交对于当代德国的崛起具有积极的辅助作用。本文将灾难作为分析基点,剖析灾难外交实现国家利益的路径。在互动关系的路径下,德国利用灾难的窗口期,以灾难外交修补与大国之间的关系裂痕,借助非常规的灾难外交手段促进关键地缘政治棋局中与对方棋手的关系,并在大国竞逐的地缘断裂带实现影响力的突破。在制度布局的路径之下,首先,德国通过迎合倡议或利用特殊身份,在已有的防震减灾制度内实现权力增长,并在巴尔干、中东、北非等西方外围地带推进制度规范,以"守制"的形式在谋求西方整体价值利益的基础上突显德国的主导权。其次,德国借助灾难救助本身的文明性和塑造性特征,在最大化减少国际非议的基础上,在非洲、印太等政治后发地区和国家进行灾难外交"创制",输出治理模式,提升国际影响力。德国着眼于本国务实利益,努力拓展战略空间、积极与大国竞夺,但在关键节点则遵循西方的价值准绳。灾难外交战略适配于德国"柔性崛起"的现实需要,加速其国家复兴。Germany is playing a major role in disaster assistance and international cooperation on disaster relief.As an important form of foreign strategy,disaster diplomacy has played a positive role in the rise of contemporary Germany.This article uses disaster as a basis for analyzing the path of disaster diplomacy in the realization of national interests.Under the path of“interactive relations”,Germany takes advantage of the window period of disasters to make up for its relations with the other major powers,promote relations with opposing players in key geopolitical games,and has achieved a breakthrough in its influence in the areas flooded with geopolitical conflicts among competing major powers.Under the path of“institutional layout”,as a first step,Germany has achieved growth in its power within the existing disaster prevention and mitigation system by catering to the others’initiatives or taking advantage of its special status,and promoted institutional norms in the Balkans,the Middle East,North Africa and other peripheral zones to highlight German dominance in the form of“compliance with the institutions”while seeking for realizing the overall value of the West.In addition,based on the civilizational and shaping characteristics of disaster relief,Germany manages to minimize international criticism,“create disaster diplomacy institutions”in Africa,the Indo-Pacific and other politically emerging regions and countries,export governance models and enhance its international influence.Focusing on its own pragmatic interests,Germany strives to expand its strategic space and actively competes with the other major powers,but follows Western values at key points.The strategy of disaster diplomacy is in line with the reality of Germany’s flexible foreign politics and accelerates its national resurgence.

关 键 词：德国 灾难外交 灾难援助 人道主义 现实政治 

分 类 号：D851.6[政治法律—政治学]