印度司法制度的变迁及其影响  

The Evolution of Indian Judicial System and Its Impacts

作　　者：张忞煜 Zhang Minyu

机构地区：[1]北京大学东方文学研究中心 [2]北京大学外国语学院

出　　处：《南亚研究季刊》2021年第4期99-120,159,共23页South Asian Studies Quarterly

摘　　要：司法部门是当今印度政府最重要的部门之一。古代印度自阿育王倡导正法,设置正法官之后,依托婆罗门教法和伊斯兰教法两大法学体系,发展出了以君王为最高权威,以教法学家为核心队伍的、带有宗教色彩的司法制度。英国殖民者通过吸纳本土司法传统、移植英国司法实践,在印度建立了殖民色彩鲜明的英印司法制度。独立后,印度在继承既有制度的同时也对其从保障国家主权、确保公民基本权利等角度出发进行了调整,建立起了统一的司法制度。通过长时段历史的梳理可以看出,独立后的司法制度在司法专业主义和金字塔式的法院体系两方面受到了历史传统的影响,而司法部门由司法克制转向司法能动主义,并为印度教民族主义者推行多数主义政治背书则是独立后的新现象。The judicial system is one of the most important organs of the Indian government.After Ashoka's promotion of Dhamma and appointment of DhammaMahamatta,ancient India developed a judicial system with religious features that holds the king as the supreme authority,employs religious jurists as the core judge team,relying on the two major legal systems,Brahminic law and Islamic law.The British colonists built the Anglo-Indian judicial system with distinctive colonial features in India by absorbing local judicial tradition,transplanting British judicial practice,and adjusting it according to the needs of their rule.After independence,while inheriting the existing system,India also adjusted the judicial system in order to safeguard national sovereignty and the fundamental rights of citizens,etc.,and thus,established a unified judicial system.From a long-term historical review,the judicial system after independence has been influenced by historical traditions in terms of judicial professionalism and the pyramidal court system,whereas the judicial department's shift from judicial restraint to judicial activism and endorsing Hindu nationalists majoritarian politics are new phenomena after independence.

关 键 词：印度政治 司法制度 司法专业主义 司法能动主义 印度教民族主义 

分 类 号：D93[政治法律—法学] D97