清末化学文献中的异字同用现象探析——以元素译词用字为考察对象  

Research on the Phenomenon of Different Characters with the Same Usage in the Chemical Literature of the Late Qing Dynasty--Taking the Characters in the Translation of Elements as examples

作　　者：牛振 NIU Zhen

机构地区：[1]汉字文明传承传播与教育研究中心郑州大学文学院

出　　处：《汉字汉语研究》2021年第4期49-61,126,127,共15页The Study Of Chinese Characters And Language

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“外来科技名词汉译用字的历史研究”(20BYY132);河南省哲学社会科学规划项目“《现代汉语词典》字词关系与资料库建设研究”(2018BYY023)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：以元素译词用字为测查对象,可从清末化学文献中查得多组同用字。音译类同用字组的主要成因包括节译的语音不同、译者的语音感知差异、目标语音系的差异、源语词字面的影响、选用音同音近字等,意译类同用字组的成因主要是选用或创制字符的取义理据不一,或取义理据相同而字符的构件不同。同用字组中每个字符的职用属性都是本用,同组字之间的字际关系为异词的不同本字同用。1933年元素译词用字基本统一,测查所见的异字同用现象被消除,同用字中的14个音译用字被继续沿用,意译用字除"溴"外均被淘汰。由此可总结出元素译词用字的优选原则为:区别度高,简单、易识,注重系统性,表音准确,避用同音字、多音字等。As for the characters used in the translation of elements,there are many groups of characters with the same usage in the chemical literature of the late Qing Dynasty.The main reasons for different characters with the same usage in transliteration include different phonetics in the transliteration,difference in the translator’s phonetic perceptions,different phonologies of the target language,literal influence of the exogenous words and selection of homophones, etc. The main reasons for using differentcharacters in the same way in free translation include different motivations for selecting/creatingcharacters, or similar motivations with different components of the characters. Each of the words withthe same usage is used with its original meaning, and the relationship of the words in the same group isdifferent characters with the same usage of different words. In 1933, different versions of the translationof elements were basically unified, and the phenomenon of different characters with the same usagewas eliminated. Most of the characters with the same usage in transliteration continued to be used, andthe characters used for free translation were eliminated except for xiu( 溴). It can be concluded that theprinciples of selecting characters in translation of elements are: high distinction, simplicity, being easyto recognize, attention to system, accurate pronunciation, avoiding homophones and polyphones, andetc.

关 键 词：元素译词 异字同用 成因 优选原则 

分 类 号：H124.3[语言文字—汉语] K252[历史地理—历史学]