明清水灾旱灾、树木植被书写及神物观念--关于生态救灾、赈济实效性的文化思考  

The Writing of Floods,Droughts,Trees and Vegetation and Deity Worship in the Ming and Qing Dynasties--Cultural Thinking on the Effectiveness of Ecological Disaster Relief and Relief

作　　者：王立 WANG Li

机构地区：[1]渤海大学文学院,辽宁锦州121013

出　　处：《上海师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第1期131-138,共8页Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“明清灾害叙事、御灾策略及民间信仰研究”(17FZW012)。

摘　　要：预灾与赈济是应灾、御灾的两个重要阶段。明清小说灾害主题更加注意动植物、植被等与预灾、救灾、减灾的有机联系。树叶能昭示水旱风雨灾象;神木崇拜所体现的巨木通神,被传说其能自行,且与龙宫、洪水有关。有些植物能代替粮食菜蔬,荒年救急,即明人总结“生态缓冲”的《救荒本草》。植被遭破坏就会引发灾难,明清增多了水族、树神等托梦故事。如水灾被认为是蛟龙作怪,提前搜捕则可遏止水灾;异鸟出,水灾将至,某些水鸟可捕食蛟。不能忽视明清有益于减灾、防灾、御灾的思路。首先,古来传承的有些御灾措施反而会破坏生态,诱发次生灾害。其次,有些灾害如水灾等,因其突发性,只顾救灾效果,而忽略了灾后生存问题。再次,御灾防灾,要广种博采可食之物。最后,要关注灾害迭现与动植物的依存关系,增强防灾减灾策略的理性认识和科技含量。Disaster prevention and relief are two considerable stages of disaster response and control.The theme of disaster in the novels of Ming and Qing dynasties specifically focuses on the organic connection of the biological system including flora and fauna with disaster prevention,relief,and reduction.Leaves can predict signs of flood,drought,wind and rain.Meanwhile,the worship of the miraculous tree,according to the ancient myth,reflects that the tree might be psychic and is relatable to the dragon palace and flood.Some plants,which the Ming people summed up as“ecological buffer”in Jiu Huang Ben Cao,are edible.As a result,they were usually considered as emergency supplies during the years when natural disasters occurred.The destruction of vegetation would cause disaster,and therefore dream stories about aquatic creatures and tree gods are increased in the Ming and Qing dynasties.For example,floods are considered to be caused by Jiao-longs,and early eliminating that creature could prevent the flood;when unearthly birds appear,floods are approaching,and some water birds are predators for Jiao-longs.The thoughts that benefited disaster prevention and control in the Ming and Qing dynasties cannot be ignored.Firstly,some disaster prevention measures inherited from ancient times will destroy the ecology and induce secondary disasters.Secondly,some disasters such as floods usually come suddenly as outbreaks,people only care about the effect of disaster relief,but ignore the problem of survival after disasters.Thirdly,disaster prevention requires a wide variety of edible things was planted and collected.Finally,it is necessary to pay attention to the interdependence of disasters and animals and plants,and strengthen the rational understanding and scientific and technological content of disaster prevention strategies.

关 键 词：动植物书写 神物崇拜 生态御灾 防灾减灾 

分 类 号：I206[文学—中国文学]