汽车型砂铸造行业噪声危害特点分析  

Analysis of noise hazard characteristics in automobile sand casting industry

作　　者：杨少华 吴家兵 郑建如 祁成 朱亮亮 史伟伟 梅勇[2] 尹虹 吴琨 YANG Shao-hua;WU Jia-bing;ZHENG Jian-ru;QI Cheng;ZHU Liang-liang;SHI Wei-wei;MEI Yong;YIN Hong;WU Kun(Shiyan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease,Shiyan,Hubei 442000,China;Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430065,China)

机构地区：[1]湖北省十堰市职业病防治院,湖北十堰442000 [2]武汉科技大学,职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室,武汉430065

出　　处：《公共卫生与预防医学》2022年第1期80-84,共5页Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine

基　　金：湖北省卫生健康委员会2019—2020年度面上项目(WJ 2019M046);2020年度职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金项目(OHIC2020Z07)。

摘　　要：目的为研究汽车铸造行业噪声危害的特点,了解噪声对汽车铸造工人健康的影响,为噪声危害的控制提供支持。方法选取某汽车型砂铸造企业为研究对象,通过分析整理2010—2019年度岗位噪声强度检测结果,2019年度各岗位噪声频谱检测结果,2010—2019年10年间职业性噪声聋患病情况,采用卡方检验等、t检验等统计方法分析研究其噪声危害特点及噪声强度的变化情况。结果(1)10年内型砂铸造企业噪声L_(EX.8h)超标率无统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.76,P=0.66),10年间噪声L_(EX.8h)的均数值呈现水平波动,基本稳定在80~90dB(A)之间。(2)落砂、配砂、清理抛丸等岗位前5年噪声强度均值与后5年差异有统计学意义,其余岗位差异无统计学意义。(3)铸造行业各岗位中,制芯、清理岗位噪声频谱以中高频为主,其余各岗位的以中低频为主。(4)职业性噪声聋患病例主要集中在清理打磨工、熔化工和检查工等工种。结论汽车铸造行业噪声危害重点集中造型、落砂、清理等岗位,并且10年间噪声强度大、超标率居高不下;各岗位的噪声以中低频为主,个别岗位以中高频为主的特点。近年来因设备自动化更新,落砂、配砂、清理抛丸等部分岗位噪声强度有所降低,但整体的噪声超标率基本无变化,噪声危害仍然较重,10年间共诊断职业性噪声聋20例,型砂铸造企业噪声危害难以得到控制,铸造作业工人听力损害的风险仍然较高。Objective To study the characteristics of noise hazards in automobile sand casting industry and understand the impact of noise on the health of automobile foundry workers,and to provide scientific data support for the control of noise hazards.Methods An automobile sand casting enterprise was selected as the research object.The post noise intensity test results from 2010 to 2019,the noise spectrum test results of each post in 2019,and the prevalence of occupational noise deafness in the 10 years from 2010 to 2019 were analyzed and sorted out.Using chi-square test and t-test the noise hazard characteristics and noise intensity changes were statistically analyzed.Results 1.The noise LEX.8 h exceeding standard rate of foundry enterprises in the 10 years from 2010 to 2019 was not statistically significant(χ^(2)=6.76,P=0.66),and the mean value of noise LEX.8 h fluctuated horizontally in the 10 years,which was basically stable between 80-90 dB(A).2.The mean value of noise intensity of sand falling,sand preparation,cleaning and shot blasting in the first five years was significantly different compared to that in the last five years.There was no statistically significant difference in other posts.3.Among all posts in the foundry sand casting industry,the noise spectrum of core-making and cleaning posts was mainly medium and high frequency,while the noise spectrum of other posts was mainly medium and low frequency.4.Cases of occupational noise deafness were mainly concentrated in cleaning and polishing workers,melting chemical workers,inspectors and other types of workers.Conclusions The noise hazards in the automobile foundry sand casting industry are mainly concentrated on the posts of molding,and sand falling,and the noise intensity and the over standard rate remain high in the past 10 years.The noise of each post is mainly medium and low frequency,and the noise of a few individual posts is mainly medium and high frequency.In recent years,due to the automatic renewal of equipment,the noise intensity of some posts such

关 键 词：汽车型砂铸造行业 噪声危害 职业性噪声聋 噪声频谱 

分 类 号：R135[医药卫生—劳动卫生]