无过错归责原则:个人信息侵权损害赔偿的应然走向  

Principle of No-fault Liability:The Expected Trend of Compensation for Personal Information Infringement Damages

作　　者：蒋丽华 Jiang Lihua

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学民商法学院

出　　处：《财经法学》2022年第1期32-44,共13页Law and Economy

基　　金：2018年司法部国家法治与法学理论研究部级科研项目“民事庭审录音录像制度研究”(18SFB5010);2020年中国博士后科学基金第68批面上资助“股东会决议瑕疵诉讼研究”(2020M683702XB);2021年西安市社会科学规划基金重点项目“《民法典》视域下个人信息侵权损害赔偿请求权构成要件重塑”(FS119)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：将个人信息侵权行为定位为一般侵权行为,其损害赔偿主观要件采过错归责原则,是《民法典》中个人信息侵权损害赔偿的既有逻辑。然而证据偏在和过错要件事实识别的困境阻碍了受害人获得诉讼上的有效救济,降低证明标准的缓和方案难有作为。《个人信息保护法》采过错推定的主观归责原则,但证明责任倒置方式救济乏力,亦难以从根本上扭转受害人的弱势地位。重塑个人信息侵权损害赔偿请求权构成要件,确立无过错归责原则并未突破现有的立法框架,且有利于个人信息权的有效保护,能够更好地维持当事人之间的利益平衡,并符合成本收益原则和社会公益原则。在此基础上,应将个人信息侵权行为定位为特殊侵权行为。个人信息侵权案件的证明及庭审程序的推进围绕侵权行为、损害后果和因果关系三个法律构成要件展开。It is the existing logic of Civil Code to define the infringement of personal information as a general infringement,and adopt the principle of fault liability as the subjective element of compensation for damage.However,the predicament of evidence bias and the identification of fault elements prevents the victim from obtaining effective remedies in litigation.Lowering the standard of proof is weak in relief.Even though the Personal Information Protection Law adopts the subjective imputation principle of fault presumption,it is difficult to fundamentally reverse the predicament of the proof of fault elements,as the inversion of the burden of proof is difficult to fundamentally reverse the vulnerable position of victims.In this regard,reshaping the constitutive elements of the right to claim damages for personal information infringement and establishing the no-fault liability is a feasible countermeasure,which are conducive to the effective protection of personal information rights,maintain the balance of interests between the parties better,conform to the cost-benefit principle and the requirements of social welfare,consist with the existing legislative framework also.On this basis,the infringement of personal information should be defined as a special infringement.Proof of personal information infringement cases and the promotion of court trial procedures centered on the three legal elements of infringement,damage consequences,and causality.

关 键 词：个人信息侵权 归责原则 无过错责任 要件事实 证明 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学]