秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响  

Effects of Straw Returning and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Winter Wheat

作　　者：王新媛 赵思达 郑险峰[1] 王朝辉[1,2] 何刚 WANG XinYuan;ZHAO SiDa;ZHENG XianFeng;WANG ZhaoHui;HE Gang(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi;State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第23期5043-5053,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200404-02,2017YFD0201700)。

摘　　要：【目的】在陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区通过连续7年田间定位试验,探索秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、地上部吸氮量、收获期土壤硝态氮残留量及土壤氮素平衡的影响,为小麦增产及氮素高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,主处理为玉米秸秆还田和不还田,副处理设置5个施氮水平,分别为0(N0,不施用氮肥)、84 kg·hm^(-2)(N84,当地推荐氮肥用量的一半)、168 kg·hm^(-2)(N168,当地推荐氮肥用量)、252 kg·hm^(-2)(N252,高氮肥用量)、336 kg·hm^(-2)(N336,超高氮肥用量)。【结果】与秸秆不还田处理相比秸秆还田未提高冬小麦籽粒产量,施用氮肥较不施氮肥小麦增产18%—29%,而超高氮肥用量较推荐氮肥用量有减产风险。秸秆还田和氮肥用量对小麦产量有交互效应。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田在氮肥用量为252和336 kg·hm^(-2)时,公顷小麦穗数增加5%—7%,产量平均增加5%—6%。秸秆还田对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量无显著影响,施用氮肥的籽粒蛋白质含量较不施用氮肥增加16%—33%。秸秆还田对小麦地上部吸氮量无显著影响,施用氮肥的地上部吸氮量较不施用氮肥增加36%—72%。秸秆还田和氮肥用量对小麦地上部吸氮量有交互效应。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田在氮肥用量为252和336 kg·hm^(-2)时地上部吸氮量平均增加5%—8%。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田使土壤硝态氮残留量平均增加18%,增加的硝态氮含量主要分布在70—170 cm土层。N168处理在秸秆不还田条件下土壤氮处于亏损状态,秸秆还田后有效地弥补了氮亏缺,进一步增加氮肥用量,将大幅增加土壤氮盈余量。相对于秸秆还田,氮肥用量对土壤氮盈余量的影响更大。【结论】秸秆还田配施高氮肥用量能增加小麦产量和地上部吸氮量,但同时增加了土壤硝态氮残留量和氮盈余量。综合考虑小麦籽粒�【Objective】A seven-year location-fixed field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of combining straw returning with chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer on wheat yield,grain protein content,aboveground N uptake,soil nitrate-N(NO_(3)^(-)-N)residue at harvest,and apparent N balance in winter wheat-summer maize rotation region of Shaanxi,so as to provide a reference for yield increase and N utilization.【Method】The experiment was arranged in a split block design with two main treatments and five subplots.The main treatments included maize straw returning to soil(straw returning)and removal straw from field(control),and the subplots included five N application rate,i.e.,0(N0),84 kg·hm^(-2)(N84),168 kg·hm^(-2)(N168),252 kg·hm^(-2)(N252),and 336 kg·hm^(-2)(N336).【Result】For wheat yield,there was no significant difference between straw returning and control.Compared with N0,applying fertilizer N(including N84,N168,N252,and N336)increased grain yield by 18%-29%.However,compared with N168,there was a risk of yield reduction under high N application rate(N336).Straw returning and N application rate had an interactive effect on wheat yield.Compared with the control,the straw retuning increased grain yield by 5%-6%when N application rates were 252 and 336 kg·hm^(-2),which was mainly due to the 5%-7%increase in the number of spikes.For grain protein,there was no significant difference between straw returning and control.Compared with N0,applying fertilizer N increased grain protein concentration by 16%-33%.For aboveground N uptake,there was no significant difference between straw returning and control.Compared with N0,applying fertilizer N increased aboveground N uptake by 36%-72%.Straw returning and N application rate had an interactive effect on aboveground N uptake.Compared with the control,the straw retuning increased aboveground N uptake by 5%-8%when N application rates were 252 and 336 kg·hm^(-2).Compared with control,the straw returning increased the residual soil nitrate nitrogen by an average

关 键 词：小麦 秸秆还田 施氮量 产量构成要素 籽粒蛋白质含量 地上部吸氮量 土壤硝态氮 土壤氮素平衡 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]